% © 2015 Ludovic Grossard
% association Alternatives87
% http://alternatives87.eu.org
%
% document sous licence GNU FDL version 1.3
% voir le texte de la licence \`{a} la fin de ce document

\documentclass[notes=hide,handout]{transparents}

\pdfinfo
{
  /Title       (Démystifier Archlinux)
  /Creator     (LaTeX Beamer)
  /Author      (Federico GONZÁLEZ)
}

\title[Démystifier Archlinux]{Démystifier Archlinux ou Archlinux en moins de 20 étapes}
\subtitle{Ou comment vous faire pousser un peu plus de barbe sur le visage}
\institute{Alternatives87 (\texttt{\url{http://alternatives87.org}})}
\author{Federico GONZÁLEZ}
\titreEvenement{Atelier Libre.}
\date{2019-03-06}

\begin{document}

\frame{\titlepage}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% AJOUTER ICI LE CONTENU DE LA PRÉSENTATION %


\begin{frame}
 \frametitle{Démystifier Archlinux, ou comment \\ installer Archlinux en moins de 20 étapes.}
 \vfill
 \framesubtitle{... et vous faire pousser un peu plus de barbe.}
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

%\begin{frame}
%\tableofcontents
%\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Qu'est-ce qu'\og Archlinux \fg{} ?}

\emph{Archlinux} est une distribution\footnote{Une distribution est une version de l'environnement GNU/Linux avec une philosophie, des paquets, des environnements, etc... Il en existe des centaines différentes dont l'actualité peut être suivie ici : \url{https://distrowatch.com}} différente de la distribution \emph{debian GNU/Linux} que nous installons par défaut dans notre association \textbf{Alternatives87}.
\vfill
\begin{itemize}
	\item \emph{Archlinux} est une distribution de réputation difficile, plutôt associée à des nerds ;
	\item C'est une distribution plutôt orientée poste de travail ;
	\item L'installation se fait à partir d'une iso live d'installation sans interface graphique ni même menus en curses ;
	\item Il faut suivre une procédure décrite dans les différents sites et forums consacrés à cette distribution ;
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\vfill
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{debian-menus-gb.png}
\end{center}
\vfill
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
	\vfill
	\includegraphics[scale=0.25]{53f97e0f.jpg}
	\vfill
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Quelles sont les différences avec GNU/Linux debian ?}

\vfill
\begin{itemize}
	\item Installation très différente, plus manuelle, pas guidée ;
	\item Gestionnaire de paquets différents \emph{Pacman} textuel ;
	\item Moins de paquets maintenus dans \emph{Archlinux} pure que dans \emph{debian} même sans contrib et non-free ;
	\item Pas d'interfaces graphique pour installer des paquets dans une \emph{Archlinux} pure ;
	\item Pour installer des paquets il faut aller installer une interface graphique qui n'est pas disponible dans les paquets par défaut (donc la compiler) sauf à installer une dérivée d'Archlinux (A.U.R.) donc certains peuvent poser des soucis de sécurité (Dépôts orphelins) ;
	\item Certains paquets disponibles un jour sur les dépôts classiques peut se trouver du jour au lendemain viré vers les dépôts AUR (cas de \og srm \fg{}).
\end{itemize}
\vfill

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Gestionnaire de paquets}

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Les différentes étapes de l'installation}
	\vfill
	\begin{itemize}
		\item préparation : exécution de l'environnement d'installation (configurations ....)
		\item formatage des partitions cible ;
		\item installation d'une base ou plus dans la cible ;
		\item chroot ;
		\item configurations au sein du chroot ;
		\item installation du grub ;
		\item sorties et redémarrage.
	\end{itemize}
	\vfill
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Où obtenir l'ISO d'installation ?}
	L'ISO\footnote{Une ISO est un fichier contenant une \og image \fg{} du medium d'installation, pas une copie fichier par fichier mais une copie piste par piste. Pour les personnes ayant connu M\$-DOS cela correspondait au résultat de la commande diskcopy. Sous GNU/Linux on utilise la commande \og dd \fg{} en lignes de commandes pour un résultat similaire.} d'Archlinux est disponible sur le site d'archlinux et dans plusieurs miroirs :
	\begin{itemize}
		\item ici : \url{https://archlinux.org/download} \\ ou encore : \\
		\item ici (pour la dernière) : \url{https://mirror.thekinrar.fr/archlinux/iso/2019.02.01/}
	\end{itemize}
	\vfill
	Une fois l'image téléchargée, la gravure se fait assez facilement par la commande \og dd \fg{} en mode superutilisateur sur un support amovible (CD, DVD, clé USB ...).
\end{frame}

\begin{small}\begin{verbatim}


$~ sudo dd status=progress if=fichier_iso_d_installation.iso of=/dev/sXYZ


ou bien :


$~ su

#~ dd status=progress if=fichier_iso_d_installation.iso of=/dev/sXYZ

\end{verbatim}\end{small}

\begin{frame}{Une image de l'Archlinuxien}
	En parlant d'image, la suivante va montrer justement l'image d'un·e archlinuxien·ne à barbe :
	\vfill
	\begin{center}\includegraphics[scale=0.3]{HLp8z11.jpg} \end{center}
	\vfill
	Elle montre bien évidemment tout le côté barbesque des utilisateurs de distributions réputées très difficiles.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Étape 1 : La phase de préparation}
	Dans la phase de préparation il faut bien évidemment prendre le temps de réfléchir à comment sera configuré le futur système :
	\begin{itemize}
		\item Quelle façon de découper le disque ?
		\item Quelles informations concernant la machine ?
		\item Quels utilisateurs ?
	\end{itemize}
	\vfill
	Prêt·e ? Alors go, on démarre sur le medium d'installation !
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Étape 2 : Configurations du système hôte}
	Le système hôte est le système sur lequel on vient de démarrer, i.e. la clé USB. Il nécessite qu'on y paramètre l'agencement du clavier, la connexion à internet et la date et l'heure. {\color{red}{Toutes les opérations sont faites en administrateur ! Attention !}}
	\vfill
	Il faut donc commencer par passer en français avec la commande \texttt{loadkeys fr} (attention : A $\rightarrow$ B).
	\vfill
	Ensuite il faut se connecter au réseau, soit en wifi \texttt{wifi-menu} soit en câble éthernet \texttt{dhcpcd}.
	\vfill
	Si câble éthernet branché au démarrage une ip est sans doute déjà attribuée, pour le vérifier, utilisez \texttt{ip addr}
\end{frame}

\begin{small}\begin{verbatim}


ip addr

dhcpcd ou wifi-menu ou rien du tout si ok. // si pas d'adresse attribuée initialement

ip addr // si pas d'adresse attribuée initialement
	
	
\end{verbatim}\end{small}

\begin{frame}{Étape 3 : Réglage de l'heure et de la date du système}

	L'étape suivante consiste à synchroniser heure et date depuis le site web.
	\vfill
	Cette étape est importante pour pouvoir ainsi ne pas avoir de problèmes avec les signatures de paquets.

\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}

	
timedatctl set-ntp 1

timedatectl status

hwclock --systohc --utc

\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 4 : Préparation des partitions}
	Bien que l'usage soit souvent d'utiliser \texttt{fdisk} dans de nombreux tutoriels en ligne, je préconise tout de même l'utilisation du bon vieux \texttt{cfdisk} pour aider lorsqu'on est pas à l'aise avec l'installation en mode textuel pur.
	\vfill
	Pour la suite de l'installation, le disque cible (installation) sera /dev/sda.
	\vfill
	Le disque sera coupé en 3 partitions : \texttt{/dev/sda1} pour la racine \texttt{/}, ensuite \texttt{/dev/sda2} pour le \emph{swap} et enfin \texttt{/dev/sda3} pour la partition \texttt{/home}.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}
	
	cfdisk /dev/sda ...
	
	ou bien :
	
	fdisk /dev/sda
	
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 5 : Installation de la base du système}
	Une fois le système configuré vient l'installation du système de base, cela se fait simplement via une commande. Mais avant cela il va falloir accrocher le disque actuel d'installation \texttt{/dev/sda} et ses différentes partitions \texttt{/dev/sda1}, \texttt{/dev/sda2} et \texttt{/dev/sda3} dans un dossier du système hôte.
	\vfill
	Les documentations habituelles parlent du dossier \texttt{/mnt} comme point d'ancrage habituel. La diapo suivante montre l'ancrage des différentes partitions, puis l'installation du système de base pour finir :
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
mkdir /mnt/home
mount /dev/sda3 /mnt/home
swapon /dev/sda2
	
// et on vérifie par un lsblk :
NAME   MAJ:MIN RM   SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
sda      8:0    0 931,5G  0 disk 
\-sda1   8:1    0    29G  0 part /
\-sda2   8:2    0     5G  0 part [SWAP]
\-sda3   8:3    0 897,5G  0 part /home
sdb      8:16   1   3,8G  0 disk  
\-sdb1   8:17   1   602M  0 part  ?????(à chercher)
\-sdb2   8:18   1    64M  0 part

pacstrap /mnt base
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}
	\vfill
	Une variante consiste à utiliser cette commande \texttt{pacstrap} pour installer d'autres paquets essentiels par la suite à savoir \texttt{dialog} pour les menus textuels et \texttt{wpa\_supplicant} pour la gestion du wpa du wifi et tant qu'à faire aussi \texttt{grub} pour qu'il soit déjà présent sur le support cible.
	\vfill
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	pacstrap /mnt base dialog wpa_supplicant grub 
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{}
	Une fois cette base installée, vient la préparation d'un fichier important pour la suite : le fichier \og \texttt{fstab} \fg{} de la future installation.
	\vfill
	Le paramètre \texttt{-p} indique que sont exclus les pseudo systèmes et le paramètre \texttt{-U} indique que les UUID sont à utiliser plutôt que les \texttt{/dev/...}
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	genfstab -p -U /mnt > /mnt/etc/fstab
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 6 : chroot !}
	Bien bien bien !
	\vfill
	La base est posée, les paquets essentiels pour une suite sont déposés aussi, le fichier de configurationd de la future table de partition est écrit au bon endroit, il est temps de quitter l'environnement hôte et de passer dans la cible.
	\vfill
	Cela se fait par la commande \texttt{arch-chroot}
	\vfill
	Elle a l'avantage d'effectuer tous les montages de partitions dans /dev et /proc facilement. Le paramètre \og bash \fg{} final est purement optionnel.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	arch-chroot /mnt bash
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 7 et suite des opérations, la configuration du système cible.}

	La configuration du système cible consiste à configurer une partie des paramètres nécessaires, vous remarquerez que ce sont les mêmes opérations que lorsqu'on installe un système debian.
	\vfill
	\begin{itemize}
		\item le keymap : au redémarrage on souhaite avoir le clavier en français (ou en Bépo !)
		\item les locales : autant que les commandes soient en français par la suite aussi
		\item le hostname : il faut que l'ordinateur soit nommé et différencié sur le réseau local.
		\item le fichier hosts : nécessaire pour gnome : associer le hostname et 127.0.1.1
		\item le locale.gen
		\item le localtime
		\item locale-gen
	\end{itemize}
	\vfill
	La première étape étant de configurer la langue pour le futur clavier et ensuite les locales.
\end{frame}

\begin{footnotesize}
	\begin{verbatim}
	
	
	echo KEYMAP=fr > /etc/vconsole.conf

	echo LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 > /etc/locale.conf
	echo LC_ALL=C >> /etc/locale.conf //cette ligne est optionnelle
	echo ... >> /etc/locale.conf
	echo fr_FR.UTF-8 UTF-8 >> /etc/locale.gen
	locale-gen

\end{verbatim}
\end{footnotesize}

\begin{frame}{Etape 8 : Réglage du nom d'hôte}

\end{frame}

\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{verbatim}
	

	echo NouveauNomHôte > /etc/hostname
	echo 127.0.1.1      NouveauNomHôte.localdomain    NouveauNomHôte >> /etc/hosts
	
	\end{verbatim}
\end{footnotesize}

\begin{frame}{Étape 9 : Réglage du décalage temporel / fuseau horaire}
	\vfill
	Pour chaque ordinateur fonctionnant avec UNIX ou un clone (et Archlinux en est) il est conseillé de laisser l'horloge matérielle (hw) sur l'heure GMT et d'indiquer dans quel fuseau horaire se trouve physiquement la machine. C'est le rôle du fichier \texttt{/etc/localtime} qui est un raccourcis du fichier \texttt{/usr/share/zoneinfo/[Continent]/[Ville]}
	\vfill
\end{frame}

\begin{footnotesize}
\begin{verbatim}
	

	rm /etc/localtime
	ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris > /etc/localtime
	
	\end{verbatim}
\end{footnotesize}

\begin{frame}{Étape 10 : Les utilisateurs}
	\vfill
	Il y a d'office un utilisateur créé, c'est \texttt{root}. Pour lui ne manque que le mot de passe à générer.
	\vfill
	Ensuite si le futur système a besoin d'un utilisateur au quotidien, il va falloir le créer, puis, lui attribuer un mot de passe différent, et l'ajouter à certains groupes.
	\vfill
	Bien que la commande \texttt{useradd} puisse ajouter directement les groupes additionnels à l'utilisateur via l'option \texttt{-G} j'ai choisi de décomposer cela en 2 commandes pour faire découvrir \texttt{usermod} la commande de modification.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	\item passwd root

	\item useradd -m utilisateur

	\item usermod -aG audio,video,optical,wheel utilisateur

	\item passwd utilisateur
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 11 : Recompilation du noyau avec les bons crochets.}
	\vfill
	Le noyau a été compilé par défaut, cette 11e étape peut s'avérer souvent superflue, mais, on peut cependant l'exécuter afin de bien recompiler le noyau pour la machine où est placée cette installation.
	\vfill
	Les \og crochets \fg{} --- hooks en anglais --- sont des modules installés dans l'image qui se lance au démarrage.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	mkinitcpio -g linux -c /etc/mkinitcpio.conf
	
	// notez qu'un simple :
	
	mkinitcpio -g linux
	
	// suffit amplement pour une installation simple.
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}
	\vfill
	Un petit rappel simplifié de comment démarre une installation avec (GNU/)Linux ? Allez !
	\vfill
	Donc pour mémoire au démarrage grub va chercher un fichier spécifique qui va appeler un fichier contenant une \og image \fg{}  d'un linux exécutable, très minimaliste, mais qui va jouer le rôle de démarrage du système et de vérification des partitions en place, etc...
	\vfill
	Une fois que tout semble ok et les services vérifiés, alors cette image cède la place à l'installation proprement dite.
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Étape 12 : Installation de GRUB}
	\vfill
	GRUB --- ou GRUB 2) est le chargeur de démarrage qui a en charge de gérer le démarrage du système, il propose par défaut et sauf à modifier le fichier \texttt{/boot/grub/grub.cfg} de démarrer par défaut et une ligne vers des paramètres avancés.
	\vfill
	Dans les paramètres avancés, on trouve le démarrage normal et le démarrage de secours (très utile surtout si on a une installation sur un disque externe qui se balade d'une machine à une autre) car ce mode recheck tout le matériel présent au démarrage.
	\vfill
	La dernière phase consiste à installer les fichiers nécessaires sur le disque interne de la future installation, i.e. \texttt{/dev/sda}.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


mkdir /boot/grub // il est possible que ce dossier n'existe pas.

grub-mkconfig > /boot/grub/grub.cfg

// ou la variante :

grub-mkconfig -o /boot/grub/grub.cfg

grub-install /dev/sda

\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 13 : Fin d'installation}
	\vfill	
	La sortie de l'environnement chrooté se fait d'abord par la commande \texttt{exit} puis une fois sorti(e) il suffit de faire redémarrer la machine par \texttt{reboot}.
	\vfill
	Certains tutoriels indiquent de démonter les partitions du disque cible avant de redémarrer, ce qui peut être utile mais une installation simple comme celle-ci ne le nécessite pas.
	\vfill
	Une fois le début du redémarrage il faut retirer le medium d'installation.
\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Étape 14 : Configurations post-installation d'une interface graphique}
	Première étape : se reconnecter au réseau wifi via \texttt{wifi-menu} ou ethernet via \texttt{dhcpcd}\footnote{Notez que sous \emph{debian} la commande est \texttt{dhclient}.}
	\vfill
	L'installation actuelle n'est que textuelle, cela est peu utile pour un utilisateur lambda, aussi on va y installer un minimum de paquets pour avoir au moins une interface graphique, je choisis \emph{LXDE} pour sa simplicité d'utilisation. Pour gérer les connexion internet j'utiliserai \texttt{wicd} et sa version gtk : \texttt{wicd-gtk}.
	\vfill
	Bien sûr pour que \emph{LXDE} fonctionne il faut que le serveur \emph{X} soit opérationnel et (optionnel mais pratique) un \emph{display manager} simpliste tel que \emph{lightdm}.
	\vfill
	Mais avant il faudra commencer par voir la carte graphique utilisée et rechercher le pilote nécessaire à son fonctionnement car le paquet \emph{xorg} n'installe pas tous les drivers, juste 2 ou 3 basiques. Ceci se fera par la commande \texttt{lspci} et on cherchera la ligne contenant les lettre \texttt{VGA}.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}

wifi-menu // ou // dhcpcd // ou rien du tout !

lspci | grep VGA

pacman -S xorg lxde lightdm lightdm-gtk-greeter xf86-video-[marquedelacartegraphique] wicd wicd-gtk

\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 15 : configuration du clavier graphique et test !}
	\vfill
	Le clavier graphique n'est pas encore configuré, cependant la commande \texttt{localectl} de \emph{systemd} va permettre de configurer cela, ensuite ...
	\vfill
	... on teste ! on va demander à \texttt{systemctl} de démarrer lightdm (ou plutôt lightdm.service), si tout se passe bien on pourra ainsi lui demander de le démarrer systématiquement.
	\vfill
	Ensuite on va aussi démarrer \texttt{wicd} comme gestionnaire de connexions réseau.
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}

localectl status

localectl set-x11-keymap fr pc105 latin9

systemctl start lightdm.service

// s'il y a un bug : le clavier est en anglais !

\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}{Étape 16 : Démarrages automatiques}
	\vfill
	Cette fois-ci c'est le moment d'ajouter ce qu'il faut au démarrage automatique du système. Cela sera fait par la commande \hfill \\ \texttt{systemctl enable nom.du.service}
	\vfill
	Et c'est F I N I !
\end{frame}

\begin{verbatim}


	systemctl enable ligthdm.serivce
	
	systemctl enable wicd
\end{verbatim}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{Licence}

\begin{columns}[T]
\begin{column}{0.90\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\begin{large}\highlighton{Cette présentation est placée\\sous licence libre GNU FDL}\end{large}
\\~
\\~
Elle a été réalisée en utilisant uniquement des logiciels libres.
\end{center}
\end{column}
\begin{column}{0.1\textwidth}
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{images/copyleft}
\end{column}
\end{columns}


\vfill

\begin{tiny}
Permission vous est donnée de copier, distribuer et/ou modifier ce document selon les termes de la
	Licence GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 ou ultérieure publiée par la Free Software
	Foundation ; sans section inaltérable, sans texte de premi\`{e}re page de couverture et sans texte
	de derni\`{e}re page de couverture. Une copie de cette Licence est incluse dans la section appelée
	\og~GNU Free Documentation License~\fg{} du code source de ce document.
\end{tiny}
\vfill

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}
\frametitle{\`{A} propos de l'association}
\vfill
\begin{center}
 \begin{Large}\textbf{Alternatives87} \end{Large}
\vfill
est une association \`{a} but non lucratif (loi 1901).
\vfill
Notre objectif est la promotion des logiciels libres 

sur Limoges et sa région.
\vfill
N'hésitez pas \`{a} nous rejoindre !
\vfill
\url{http://alternatives87.org}
\end{center}
\vfill
\end{frame}


\end{document}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

                GNU Free Documentation License
                 Version 1.3, 3 November 2008


 Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     <http://fsf.org/>
 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

0. PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way
to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible
for modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.


1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that
contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be
distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice grants a
world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein.  The "Document", below,
refers to any such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a
licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept the license if you
copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission
under copyright law.

A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall
directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document is in
part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain
any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.  If a
section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may contain zero
Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify any Invariant
Sections then there are none.

The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.  A Front-Cover Text may
be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25 words.

A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, that is suitable for revising the document
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart
or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.
An image format is not Transparent if used for any substantial amount
of text.  A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.  Examples of
transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.  Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by
proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.

The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies of
the Document to the public.

A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document whose
title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following
text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ stands for a
specific section name mentioned below, such as "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)  To "Preserve the Title"
of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a
section "Entitled XYZ" according to this definition.

The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which
states that this License applies to the Document.  These Warranty
Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in this
License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has
no effect on the meaning of this License.

2. VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.


3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have
printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the
Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the
copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a computer-network location from which the general network-using
public has access to download using public-standard network protocols
a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material.
If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps,
when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure
that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an
Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that
edition to the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to
give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.


4. MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than five),
   unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
   Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
   adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title, and add
   to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
   there is no section Entitled "History" in the Document, create one
   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
   Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
   it was based on.  These may be placed in the "History" section.
   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
   Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section all
   the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
   and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
   may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled "Endorsements"
   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.


5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled "History"
in the various original documents, forming one section Entitled
"History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled "Acknowledgements",
and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You must delete all sections
Entitled "Endorsements".


6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules
of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all
other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a
copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.


7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the copyright
resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights
of the compilation's users beyond what the individual works permit.
When the Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not
apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves
derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of
the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form.
Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole
aggregate.


8. TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include
the original English version of this License and the original versions
of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a disagreement between
the translation and the original version of this License or a notice
or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.

If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
"Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to Preserve
its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the actual
title.


9. TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void, and
will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license
from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally,
unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and finally
terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder
fails to notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to
60 days after the cessation.

Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that
copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after
your receipt of the notice.

Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the
licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you under
this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not permanently
reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same material does
not give you any rights to use it.


10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the
GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new versions
will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in
detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the Document
specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this
License can be used, that proxy's public statement of acceptance of a
version permanently authorizes you to choose that version for the
Document.

11. RELICENSING

"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.  A
"Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the site
means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.

"CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit 
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco, 
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license 
published by that same organization.

"Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in 
part, as part of another Document.

An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this 
License, and if all works that were first published under this License 
somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently incorporated in whole or 
in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections, and 
(2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.

The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site
under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009,
provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.


ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

    Copyright (c)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
    Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
    under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
    or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
    with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
    A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
    Free Documentation License".

If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts,
replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

    with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
    Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.

If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.