/** ****************************************************************************** * * @file fixedwingpathfollower.c * @author The OpenPilot Team, http://www.openpilot.org Copyright (C) 2010. * @brief This module compared @ref PositionActuatl to @ref ActiveWaypoint * and sets @ref AttitudeDesired. It only does this when the FlightMode field * of @ref ManualControlCommand is Auto. * * @see The GNU Public License (GPL) Version 3 * *****************************************************************************/ /* * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by * the Free Software Foundation; either version 3 of the License, or * (at your option) any later version. * * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY * or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU General Public License * for more details. * * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA */ /** * Input object: ActiveWaypoint * Input object: PositionActual * Input object: ManualControlCommand * Output object: AttitudeDesired * * This module will periodically update the value of the AttitudeDesired object. * * The module executes in its own thread in this example. * * Modules have no API, all communication to other modules is done through UAVObjects. * However modules may use the API exposed by shared libraries. * See the OpenPilot wiki for more details. * http://www.openpilot.org/OpenPilot_Application_Architecture * */ #include "openpilot.h" #include "paths.h" #include "accels.h" #include "hwsettings.h" #include "attitudeactual.h" #include "pathdesired.h" // object that will be updated by the module #include "positionactual.h" #include "manualcontrol.h" #include "flightstatus.h" #include "pathstatus.h" #include "airspeedactual.h" #include "gpsvelocity.h" #include "gpsposition.h" #include "fixedwingpathfollowersettings.h" #include "fixedwingpathfollowerstatus.h" #include "homelocation.h" #include "nedposition.h" #include "stabilizationdesired.h" #include "stabilizationsettings.h" #include "systemsettings.h" #include "velocitydesired.h" #include "velocityactual.h" #include "CoordinateConversions.h" // Private constants #define MAX_QUEUE_SIZE 4 #define STACK_SIZE_BYTES 1548 #define TASK_PRIORITY (tskIDLE_PRIORITY+2) #define F_PI 3.14159265358979323846f #define RAD2DEG (180.0f/F_PI) #define DEG2RAD (F_PI/180.0f) #define GEE 9.81f // Private types // Private variables static bool followerEnabled = false; static xTaskHandle pathfollowerTaskHandle; static PathDesiredData pathDesired; static PathStatusData pathStatus; static FixedWingPathFollowerSettingsData fixedwingpathfollowerSettings; // Private functions static void pathfollowerTask(void *parameters); static void SettingsUpdatedCb(UAVObjEvent * ev); static void updatePathVelocity(); static uint8_t updateFixedDesiredAttitude(); static void updateFixedAttitude(); static void airspeedActualUpdatedCb(UAVObjEvent * ev); static float bound(float val, float min, float max); /** * Initialise the module, called on startup * \returns 0 on success or -1 if initialisation failed */ int32_t FixedWingPathFollowerStart() { if (followerEnabled) { // Start main task xTaskCreate(pathfollowerTask, (signed char *)"PathFollower", STACK_SIZE_BYTES/4, NULL, TASK_PRIORITY, &pathfollowerTaskHandle); TaskMonitorAdd(TASKINFO_RUNNING_PATHFOLLOWER, pathfollowerTaskHandle); } return 0; } /** * Initialise the module, called on startup * \returns 0 on success or -1 if initialisation failed */ int32_t FixedWingPathFollowerInitialize() { HwSettingsInitialize(); uint8_t optionalModules[HWSETTINGS_OPTIONALMODULES_NUMELEM]; HwSettingsOptionalModulesGet(optionalModules); if (optionalModules[HWSETTINGS_OPTIONALMODULES_FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWER] == HWSETTINGS_OPTIONALMODULES_ENABLED) { followerEnabled = true; FixedWingPathFollowerSettingsInitialize(); FixedWingPathFollowerStatusInitialize(); PathDesiredInitialize(); PathStatusInitialize(); VelocityDesiredInitialize(); AirspeedActualInitialize(); } else { followerEnabled = false; } return 0; } MODULE_INITCALL(FixedWingPathFollowerInitialize, FixedWingPathFollowerStart) static float northVelIntegral = 0; static float eastVelIntegral = 0; static float downVelIntegral = 0; static float bearingIntegral = 0; static float speedIntegral = 0; static float accelIntegral = 0; static float powerIntegral = 0; static float airspeedErrorInt=0; // correct speed by measured airspeed static float indicatedAirspeedActualBias = 0; /** * Module thread, should not return. */ static void pathfollowerTask(void *parameters) { SystemSettingsData systemSettings; FlightStatusData flightStatus; portTickType lastUpdateTime; AirspeedActualConnectCallback(airspeedActualUpdatedCb); FixedWingPathFollowerSettingsConnectCallback(SettingsUpdatedCb); PathDesiredConnectCallback(SettingsUpdatedCb); FixedWingPathFollowerSettingsGet(&fixedwingpathfollowerSettings); PathDesiredGet(&pathDesired); // Main task loop lastUpdateTime = xTaskGetTickCount(); while (1) { // Conditions when this runs: // 1. Must have FixedWing type airframe // 2. Flight mode is PositionHold and PathDesired.Mode is Endpoint OR // FlightMode is PathPlanner and PathDesired.Mode is Endpoint or Path SystemSettingsGet(&systemSettings); if ( (systemSettings.AirframeType != SYSTEMSETTINGS_AIRFRAMETYPE_FIXEDWING) && (systemSettings.AirframeType != SYSTEMSETTINGS_AIRFRAMETYPE_FIXEDWINGELEVON) && (systemSettings.AirframeType != SYSTEMSETTINGS_AIRFRAMETYPE_FIXEDWINGVTAIL) ) { AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_WARNING); vTaskDelay(1000); continue; } // Continue collecting data if not enough time vTaskDelayUntil(&lastUpdateTime, fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.UpdatePeriod / portTICK_RATE_MS); FlightStatusGet(&flightStatus); PathStatusGet(&pathStatus); uint8_t result; // Check the combinations of flightmode and pathdesired mode switch(flightStatus.FlightMode) { case FLIGHTSTATUS_FLIGHTMODE_POSITIONHOLD: case FLIGHTSTATUS_FLIGHTMODE_RETURNTOBASE: if (pathDesired.Mode == PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYENDPOINT) { updatePathVelocity(); result = updateFixedDesiredAttitude(); if (result) { AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_OK); } else { AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_WARNING); } } else { AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_ERROR); } break; case FLIGHTSTATUS_FLIGHTMODE_PATHPLANNER: pathStatus.UID = pathDesired.UID; pathStatus.Status = PATHSTATUS_STATUS_INPROGRESS; switch(pathDesired.Mode) { case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYENDPOINT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYVECTOR: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYCIRCLERIGHT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYCIRCLELEFT: updatePathVelocity(); result = updateFixedDesiredAttitude(); if (result) { AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_OK); } else { pathStatus.Status = PATHSTATUS_STATUS_CRITICAL; AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_WARNING); } break; case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FIXEDATTITUDE: updateFixedAttitude(pathDesired.ModeParameters); AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_OK); break; case PATHDESIRED_MODE_DISARMALARM: AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_CRITICAL); break; default: pathStatus.Status = PATHSTATUS_STATUS_CRITICAL; AlarmsSet(SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_GUIDANCE,SYSTEMALARMS_ALARM_ERROR); break; } break; default: // Be cleaner and get rid of global variables northVelIntegral = 0; eastVelIntegral = 0; downVelIntegral = 0; bearingIntegral = 0; speedIntegral = 0; accelIntegral = 0; powerIntegral = 0; break; } PathStatusSet(&pathStatus); } } /** * Compute desired velocity from the current position and path * * Takes in @ref PositionActual and compares it to @ref PathDesired * and computes @ref VelocityDesired */ static void updatePathVelocity() { PositionActualData positionActual; PositionActualGet(&positionActual); VelocityActualData velocityActual; VelocityActualGet(&velocityActual); // look ahead fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.HeadingFeedForward seconds float cur[3] = {positionActual.North + (velocityActual.North * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.HeadingFeedForward), positionActual.East + (velocityActual.East * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.HeadingFeedForward), positionActual.Down + (velocityActual.Down * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.HeadingFeedForward) }; struct path_status progress; path_progress(pathDesired.Start, pathDesired.End, cur, &progress, pathDesired.Mode); float groundspeed; float altitudeSetpoint; switch (pathDesired.Mode) { case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYCIRCLERIGHT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_DRIVECIRCLERIGHT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYCIRCLELEFT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_DRIVECIRCLELEFT: groundspeed = pathDesired.EndingVelocity; altitudeSetpoint = pathDesired.End[2]; break; case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYENDPOINT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_DRIVEENDPOINT: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_FLYVECTOR: case PATHDESIRED_MODE_DRIVEVECTOR: default: groundspeed = pathDesired.StartingVelocity + (pathDesired.EndingVelocity - pathDesired.StartingVelocity) * bound(progress.fractional_progress,0,1); altitudeSetpoint = pathDesired.Start[2] + (pathDesired.End[2] - pathDesired.Start[2]) * bound(progress.fractional_progress,0,1); break; } // this ensures a significant forward component at least close to the real trajectory if (groundspeed fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.AirSpeedMax) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_OVERSPEED] = 1; result = 0; } if ( indicatedAirspeedActual > fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.CruiseSpeed * 1.2f) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_HIGHSPEED] = 1; result = 0; } if (indicatedAirspeedActual < fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BestClimbRateSpeed * 0.8f && 1) { //The next three && 1 are placeholders for UAVOs representing LANDING and TAKEOFF fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_LOWSPEED] = 1; result = 0; } if (indicatedAirspeedActual < fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.StallSpeedClean && 1 && 1) { //Where the && 1 represents the UAVO that will control whether the airplane is prepped for landing or not fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_STALLSPEED] = 1; result = 0; } if (indicatedAirspeedActual < fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.StallSpeedDirty && 1) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_STALLSPEED] = 1; result = 0; } if (indicatedAirspeedActual<1e-6) { // prevent division by zero, abort without controlling anything. This guidance mode is not suited for takeoff or touchdown, or handling stationary planes // also we cannot handle planes flying backwards, lets just wait until the nose drops fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_LOWSPEED] = 1; return 0; } /** * Compute desired throttle command */ // compute proportional throttle response powerError = -descentspeedError + bound ( (airspeedError/fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BestClimbRateSpeed)* fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.AirspeedToVerticalCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_AIRSPEEDTOVERTICALCROSSFEED_KP] , -fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.AirspeedToVerticalCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_AIRSPEEDTOVERTICALCROSSFEED_MAX], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.AirspeedToVerticalCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_AIRSPEEDTOVERTICALCROSSFEED_MAX] ); // compute saturated integral error throttle response. Make integral leaky for better performance. Approximately 30s time constant. if (fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_KI] >0) { powerIntegral = bound(powerIntegral + -descentspeedError * dT, -fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_ILIMIT]/fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_KI], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_ILIMIT]/fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_KI] )*(1.0f-1.0f/(1.0f+30.0f/dT)); } else powerIntegral = 0; // Compute final throttle response powerCommand = bound( (powerError * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_KP] + powerIntegral* fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PowerPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_POWERPI_KI]) + fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.ThrottleLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_THROTTLELIMIT_NEUTRAL], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.ThrottleLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_THROTTLELIMIT_MIN], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.ThrottleLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_THROTTLELIMIT_MAX]); //Output internal state to telemetry fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Error[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERROR_POWER] = powerError; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.ErrorInt[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORINT_POWER] = powerIntegral; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Command[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_COMMAND_POWER] = powerCommand; // set throttle stabDesired.Throttle = powerCommand; // Error condition: plane cannot hold altitude at current speed. fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_LOWPOWER] = 0; if ( powerCommand == fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.ThrottleLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_THROTTLELIMIT_MAX] // throttle at maximum && velocityActual.Down > 0 // we ARE going down && descentspeedDesired < 0 // we WANT to go up && airspeedError > 0 // we are too slow already ) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_LOWPOWER] = 1; result = 0; } // Error condition: plane keeps climbing despite minimum throttle (opposite of above) fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_HIGHPOWER] = 0; if ( powerCommand == fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.ThrottleLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_THROTTLELIMIT_MIN] // throttle at minimum && velocityActual.Down < 0 // we ARE going up && descentspeedDesired > 0 // we WANT to go down && airspeedError < 0 // we are too fast already ) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_HIGHPOWER] = 1; result = 0; } /** * Compute desired pitch command */ if (fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_KI] > 0){ //Integrate with saturation airspeedErrorInt=bound(airspeedErrorInt + airspeedError * dT, -fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_ILIMIT]/fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_KI], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_ILIMIT]/fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_KI]); } //Compute the cross feed from vertical speed to pitch, with saturation float verticalSpeedToPitchCommandComponent=bound (-descentspeedError * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.VerticalToPitchCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_VERTICALTOPITCHCROSSFEED_KP], -fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.VerticalToPitchCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_VERTICALTOPITCHCROSSFEED_MAX], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.VerticalToPitchCrossFeed[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_VERTICALTOPITCHCROSSFEED_MAX] ); //Compute the pitch command as err*Kp + errInt*Ki + X_feed. pitchCommand= -(airspeedError*fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_KP] + airspeedErrorInt*fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.SpeedPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_SPEEDPI_KI] ) + verticalSpeedToPitchCommandComponent; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Error[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERROR_SPEED] = airspeedError; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.ErrorInt[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORINT_SPEED] = airspeedErrorInt; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Command[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_COMMAND_SPEED] = pitchCommand; stabDesired.Pitch = bound(fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PitchLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_PITCHLIMIT_NEUTRAL] + pitchCommand, fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PitchLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_PITCHLIMIT_MIN], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PitchLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_PITCHLIMIT_MAX]); // Error condition: high speed dive fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_PITCHCONTROL] = 0; if ( pitchCommand == fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.PitchLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_PITCHLIMIT_MAX] // pitch demand is full up && velocityActual.Down > 0 // we ARE going down && descentspeedDesired < 0 // we WANT to go up && airspeedError < 0 // we are too fast already ) { fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Errors[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORS_PITCHCONTROL] = 1; result = 0; } /** * Compute desired roll command */ if (groundspeedDesired> 1e-6) { bearingError = RAD2DEG * (atan2f(velocityDesired.East,velocityDesired.North) - atan2f(velocityActual.East,velocityActual.North)); } else { // if we are not supposed to move, keep going wherever we are now. Don't make things worse by changing direction. bearingError = 0; } if (bearingError<-180.0f) bearingError+=360.0f; if (bearingError>180.0f) bearingError-=360.0f; bearingIntegral = bound(bearingIntegral + bearingError * dT * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BearingPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_BEARINGPI_KI], -fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BearingPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_BEARINGPI_ILIMIT], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BearingPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_BEARINGPI_ILIMIT]); bearingCommand = (bearingError * fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.BearingPI[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_BEARINGPI_KP] + bearingIntegral); fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Error[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERROR_BEARING] = bearingError; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.ErrorInt[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_ERRORINT_BEARING] = bearingIntegral; fixedwingpathfollowerStatus.Command[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSTATUS_COMMAND_BEARING] = bearingCommand; stabDesired.Roll = bound( fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.RollLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_ROLLLIMIT_NEUTRAL] + bearingCommand, fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.RollLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_ROLLLIMIT_MIN], fixedwingpathfollowerSettings.RollLimit[FIXEDWINGPATHFOLLOWERSETTINGS_ROLLLIMIT_MAX] ); // TODO: find a check to determine loss of directional control. Likely needs some check of derivative /** * Compute desired yaw command */ // TODO implement raw control mode for yaw and base on Accels.Y stabDesired.Yaw = 0; stabDesired.StabilizationMode[STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_ROLL] = STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_ATTITUDE; stabDesired.StabilizationMode[STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_PITCH] = STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_ATTITUDE; stabDesired.StabilizationMode[STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_YAW] = STABILIZATIONDESIRED_STABILIZATIONMODE_NONE; StabilizationDesiredSet(&stabDesired); FixedWingPathFollowerStatusSet(&fixedwingpathfollowerStatus); return result; } /** * Bound input value between limits */ static float bound(float val, float min, float max) { if (val < min) { val = min; } else if (val > max) { val = max; } return val; } static void SettingsUpdatedCb(UAVObjEvent * ev) { FixedWingPathFollowerSettingsGet(&fixedwingpathfollowerSettings); PathDesiredGet(&pathDesired); } static void airspeedActualUpdatedCb(UAVObjEvent * ev) { AirspeedActualData airspeedActual; VelocityActualData velocityActual; AirspeedActualGet(&airspeedActual); VelocityActualGet(&velocityActual); float groundspeed = sqrtf(velocityActual.East*velocityActual.East + velocityActual.North*velocityActual.North ); indicatedAirspeedActualBias = airspeedActual.CalibratedAirspeed - groundspeed; // note - we do fly by Indicated Airspeed (== calibrated airspeed) // however since airspeed is updated less often than groundspeed, we use sudden changes to groundspeed to offset the airspeed by the same measurement. }