[dxvk] Implement sampler pool

Deduplicates redundant sampler objects and makes sampler creation
as well as lifetime tracking a bit more efficient.

src/d3d11/d3d11_sampler.cpp

@@ -9,59 +9,54 @@ namespace dxvk {
     const D3D11_SAMPLER_DESC& desc)
   : D3D11StateObject<ID3D11SamplerState>(device),
     m_desc(desc), m_d3d10(this) {
-    DxvkSamplerCreateInfo info;
+    DxvkSamplerKey info = { };
 
     // While D3D11_FILTER is technically an enum, its value bits
     // can be used to decode the filter properties more efficiently.
     const uint32_t filterBits = uint32_t(desc.Filter);
-    info.magFilter      = (filterBits & 0x04) ? VK_FILTER_LINEAR : VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+
-    info.minFilter      = (filterBits & 0x10) ? VK_FILTER_LINEAR : VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+    VkFilter minFilter = (filterBits & 0x10) ? VK_FILTER_LINEAR : VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+    VkFilter magFilter = (filterBits & 0x04) ? VK_FILTER_LINEAR : VK_FILTER_NEAREST;
+
+    info.setFilter(minFilter, magFilter,
+      (filterBits & 0x01) ? VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR : VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST);
+
+    // Enforce LOD bias specified in the device options
+    float lodBias = desc.MipLODBias;
+
+    if (minFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR && magFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR) {
+      lodBias += device->GetOptions()->samplerLodBias;
+
+      if (device->GetOptions()->clampNegativeLodBias)
+        lodBias = std::max(lodBias, 0.0f);
+    }
+
+    info.setLodRange(desc.MinLOD, desc.MaxLOD, lodBias);
+
+    // Enforce anisotropy specified in the device options
+    uint32_t anisotropy = (filterBits & 0x40) ? desc.MaxAnisotropy : 0u;
+    int32_t samplerAnisotropyOption = device->GetOptions()->samplerAnisotropy;
+
+    if (samplerAnisotropyOption >= 0 && minFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR)
+      anisotropy = samplerAnisotropyOption > 0;
+
+    info.setAniso(anisotropy);
 
     // Set up the remaining properties, which are
     // stored directly in the sampler description
-    info.mipmapMode     = (filterBits & 0x01) ? VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR : VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+    info.setAddressModes(
-    info.mipmapLodBias  = desc.MipLODBias;
+      DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressU),
-    info.mipmapLodMin   = desc.MinLOD;
+      DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressV),
-    info.mipmapLodMax   = desc.MaxLOD;
+      DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressW));
 
-    info.useAnisotropy  = (filterBits & 0x40) ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
+    info.setDepthCompare((filterBits & 0x180) == 0x80,
-    info.maxAnisotropy  = float(desc.MaxAnisotropy);
+      DecodeCompareOp(desc.ComparisonFunc));
 
-    info.addressModeU   = DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressU);
+    info.setReduction(DecodeReductionMode(filterBits));
-    info.addressModeV   = DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressV);
-    info.addressModeW   = DecodeAddressMode(desc.AddressW);
-    
-    info.compareToDepth = (filterBits & 0x180) == 0x80 ? VK_TRUE : VK_FALSE;
-    info.compareOp      = DecodeCompareOp(desc.ComparisonFunc);
-
-    info.reductionMode  = DecodeReductionMode(filterBits);
 
     for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 4; i++)
       info.borderColor.float32[i] = desc.BorderColor[i];
 
-    info.usePixelCoord  = VK_FALSE;  // Not supported in D3D11
-    info.nonSeamless    = VK_FALSE;
-    
-    // Make sure to use a valid anisotropy value
-    if (desc.MaxAnisotropy <  1) info.maxAnisotropy =  1.0f;
-    if (desc.MaxAnisotropy > 16) info.maxAnisotropy = 16.0f;
-    
-    // Enforce LOD bias specified in the device options
-    if (info.minFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR && info.magFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR) {
-      info.mipmapLodBias += device->GetOptions()->samplerLodBias;
-
-      if (device->GetOptions()->clampNegativeLodBias)
-        info.mipmapLodBias = std::max(info.mipmapLodBias, 0.0f);
-    }
-
-    // Enforce anisotropy specified in the device options
-    int32_t samplerAnisotropyOption = device->GetOptions()->samplerAnisotropy;
-
-    if (samplerAnisotropyOption >= 0 && info.minFilter == VK_FILTER_LINEAR) {
-      info.useAnisotropy = samplerAnisotropyOption > 0;
-      info.maxAnisotropy = float(samplerAnisotropyOption);
-    }
-
     m_sampler = device->GetDXVKDevice()->createSampler(info);
   }
 

src/d3d9/d3d9_device.cpp

@@ -6690,42 +6690,37 @@ namespace dxvk {
 
       auto mipFilter = DecodeMipFilter(cKey.MipFilter);
 
-      DxvkSamplerCreateInfo info;
+      DxvkSamplerKey info = { };
-      info.addressModeU   = DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressU);
+
-      info.addressModeV   = DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressV);
+      info.setFilter(
-      info.addressModeW   = DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressW);
+        DecodeFilter(cKey.MinFilter),
-      info.compareToDepth = cKey.Depth;
+        DecodeFilter(cKey.MagFilter),
-      info.compareOp      = cKey.Depth ? VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL : VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
+        mipFilter.MipFilter);
-      info.magFilter      = DecodeFilter(cKey.MagFilter);
+
-      info.minFilter      = DecodeFilter(cKey.MinFilter);
+      info.setAddressModes(
-      info.mipmapMode     = mipFilter.MipFilter;
+        DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressU),
-      info.maxAnisotropy  = float(cKey.MaxAnisotropy);
+        DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressV),
-      info.useAnisotropy  = cKey.MaxAnisotropy > 1;
+        DecodeAddressMode(cKey.AddressW));
+
+      info.setDepthCompare(cKey.Depth,
+        VK_COMPARE_OP_LESS_OR_EQUAL);
+
+      info.setAniso(cKey.MaxAnisotropy);
+
+      float lodBias = cKey.MipmapLodBias + m_d3d9Options.samplerLodBias;
 
-      info.mipmapLodBias  = cKey.MipmapLodBias + m_d3d9Options.samplerLodBias;
       if (m_d3d9Options.clampNegativeLodBias)
-        info.mipmapLodBias = std::max(info.mipmapLodBias, 0.0f);
+        lodBias = std::max(lodBias, 0.0f);
 
-      info.mipmapLodMin   = mipFilter.MipsEnabled ? float(cKey.MaxMipLevel) : 0;
+      info.setLodRange(
-      info.mipmapLodMax   = mipFilter.MipsEnabled ? FLT_MAX                 : 0;
+        mipFilter.MipsEnabled ? float(cKey.MaxMipLevel) : 0.0f,
-      info.reductionMode  = VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE;
+        mipFilter.MipsEnabled ? FLT_MAX : 0.0f,
-      info.usePixelCoord  = VK_FALSE;
+        lodBias);
-      info.nonSeamless    = m_dxvkDevice->features().extNonSeamlessCubeMap.nonSeamlessCubeMap && !m_d3d9Options.seamlessCubes;
+
+      info.setLegacyCubeFilter(!m_d3d9Options.seamlessCubes);
 
       DecodeD3DCOLOR(cKey.BorderColor, info.borderColor.float32);
 
-      if (!m_dxvkDevice->features().extCustomBorderColor.customBorderColorWithoutFormat) {
-        // HACK: Let's get OPAQUE_WHITE border color over
-        // TRANSPARENT_BLACK if the border RGB is white.
-        if (info.borderColor.float32[0] == 1.0f
-        && info.borderColor.float32[1] == 1.0f
-        && info.borderColor.float32[2] == 1.0f
-        && !m_dxvkDevice->features().extCustomBorderColor.customBorderColors) {
-          // Then set the alpha to 1.
-          info.borderColor.float32[3] = 1.0f;
-        }
-      }
-
       try {
         auto sampler = m_dxvkDevice->createSampler(info);
 

src/dxvk/dxvk_cmdlist.h

@@ -281,6 +281,10 @@ namespace dxvk {
       m_resources.trackResource(DxvkLifetime<DxvkResource>(rc, Access));
     }
 
+    void trackSampler(const Rc<DxvkSampler>& sampler) {
+      m_resources.trackSampler(sampler);
+    }
+
     /**
      * \brief Tracks a GPU event
      * 

src/dxvk/dxvk_context.cpp

@@ -5260,7 +5260,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
               descriptorInfo.image.imageLayout = VK_IMAGE_LAYOUT_UNDEFINED;
 
               if (m_rcTracked.set(binding.resourceBinding))
-                m_cmd->trackResource<DxvkAccess::None>(res.sampler);
+                m_cmd->trackSampler(res.sampler);
             } else {
               descriptorInfo.image.sampler = m_common->dummyResources().samplerHandle();
               descriptorInfo.image.imageView = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
@@ -5312,7 +5312,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
               descriptorInfo.image.imageLayout = res.imageView->image()->info().layout;
 
               if (m_rcTracked.set(binding.resourceBinding)) {
-                m_cmd->trackResource<DxvkAccess::None>(res.sampler);
+                m_cmd->trackSampler(res.sampler);
                 m_cmd->trackResource<DxvkAccess::Read>(res.imageView->image());
               }
             } else {

src/dxvk/dxvk_device.cpp

@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ namespace dxvk {
   
   
   Rc<DxvkSampler> DxvkDevice::createSampler(
-    const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo&  createInfo) {
+    const DxvkSamplerKey&         createInfo) {
-    return new DxvkSampler(this, createInfo);
+    return m_objects.samplerPool().createSampler(createInfo);
   }
 
 

src/dxvk/dxvk_device.h

@@ -330,7 +330,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
      * \returns Newly created sampler object
      */
     Rc<DxvkSampler> createSampler(
-      const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo&  createInfo);
+      const DxvkSamplerKey&         createInfo);
 
     /**
      * \brief Creates local allocation cache

src/dxvk/dxvk_lifetime.cpp

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
   void DxvkLifetimeTracker::reset() {
     m_resources.clear();
     m_allocations.clear();
+    m_samplers.clear();
   }
   
 }

src/dxvk/dxvk_lifetime.h

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include <vector>
 
 #include "dxvk_resource.h"
+#include "dxvk_sampler.h"
 
 namespace dxvk {
   
@@ -106,6 +107,14 @@ namespace dxvk {
     DxvkLifetimeTracker();
     ~DxvkLifetimeTracker();
 
+    /**
+     * \brief Adds a sampler to track
+     * \param [in] res The sampler to track
+     */
+    void trackSampler(const Rc<DxvkSampler>& res) {
+      m_samplers.push_back(res);
+    }
+
     /**
      * \brief Adds a resource to track
      * \param [in] res The resource to track
@@ -132,6 +141,8 @@ namespace dxvk {
 
   private:
 
+    std::vector<Rc<DxvkSampler>> m_samplers;
+
     std::vector<DxvkLifetime<DxvkResource>> m_resources;
     std::vector<DxvkLifetime<DxvkResourceAllocation>> m_allocations;
 

src/dxvk/dxvk_objects.h

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "dxvk_meta_resolve.h"
 #include "dxvk_pipemanager.h"
 #include "dxvk_renderpass.h"
+#include "dxvk_sampler.h"
 #include "dxvk_unbound.h"
 
 #include "../util/util_lazy.h"
@@ -25,6 +26,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
     : m_device          (device),
       m_memoryManager   (device),
       m_pipelineManager (device),
+      m_samplerPool     (device),
       m_eventPool       (device),
       m_queryPool       (device),
       m_dummyResources  (device) {
@@ -39,6 +41,10 @@ namespace dxvk {
       return m_pipelineManager;
     }
 
+    DxvkSamplerPool& samplerPool() {
+      return m_samplerPool;
+    }
+
     DxvkGpuEventPool& eventPool() {
       return m_eventPool;
     }
@@ -78,6 +84,7 @@ namespace dxvk {
     DxvkMemoryAllocator           m_memoryManager;
     DxvkPipelineManager           m_pipelineManager;
 
+    DxvkSamplerPool               m_samplerPool;
     DxvkGpuEventPool              m_eventPool;
     DxvkGpuQueryPool              m_queryPool;
 

src/dxvk/dxvk_sampler.cpp

@@ -4,82 +4,216 @@
 namespace dxvk {
     
   DxvkSampler::DxvkSampler(
-          DxvkDevice*             device,
+          DxvkSamplerPool*        pool,
-    const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo&  info)
+    const DxvkSamplerKey&         key)
-  : m_vkd(device->vkd()) {
+  : m_pool(pool), m_key(key) {
+    auto vk = m_pool->m_device->vkd();
+
     VkSamplerCustomBorderColorCreateInfoEXT borderColorInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CUSTOM_BORDER_COLOR_CREATE_INFO_EXT };
-    borderColorInfo.customBorderColor   = info.borderColor;
+    borderColorInfo.customBorderColor   = key.borderColor;
 
     VkSamplerReductionModeCreateInfo reductionInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_CREATE_INFO };
-    reductionInfo.reductionMode         = info.reductionMode;
+    reductionInfo.reductionMode         = VkSamplerReductionMode(key.u.p.reduction);
 
     VkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo = { VK_STRUCTURE_TYPE_SAMPLER_CREATE_INFO };
-    samplerInfo.flags                   = info.nonSeamless ? VK_SAMPLER_CREATE_NON_SEAMLESS_CUBE_MAP_BIT_EXT : 0;
+    samplerInfo.magFilter = VkFilter(key.u.p.magFilter);
-    samplerInfo.magFilter               = info.magFilter;
+    samplerInfo.minFilter = VkFilter(key.u.p.minFilter);
-    samplerInfo.minFilter               = info.minFilter;
+    samplerInfo.mipmapMode = VkSamplerMipmapMode(key.u.p.mipMode);
-    samplerInfo.mipmapMode              = info.mipmapMode;
+    samplerInfo.addressModeU = VkSamplerAddressMode(key.u.p.addressU);
-    samplerInfo.addressModeU            = info.addressModeU;
+    samplerInfo.addressModeV = VkSamplerAddressMode(key.u.p.addressV);
-    samplerInfo.addressModeV            = info.addressModeV;
+    samplerInfo.addressModeW = VkSamplerAddressMode(key.u.p.addressW);
-    samplerInfo.addressModeW            = info.addressModeW;
+    samplerInfo.mipLodBias = bit::decodeFixed<int32_t, 6, 8>(key.u.p.lodBias);
-    samplerInfo.mipLodBias              = info.mipmapLodBias;
+    samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = key.u.p.anisotropy > 0u;
-    samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable        = info.useAnisotropy;
+    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy = float(key.u.p.anisotropy);
-    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy           = info.maxAnisotropy;
+    samplerInfo.compareEnable = key.u.p.compareEnable != 0u;
-    samplerInfo.compareEnable           = info.compareToDepth;
+    samplerInfo.compareOp = VkCompareOp(key.u.p.compareOp);
-    samplerInfo.compareOp               = info.compareOp;
+    samplerInfo.minLod = bit::decodeFixed<uint32_t, 4, 8>(key.u.p.minLod);
-    samplerInfo.minLod                  = info.mipmapLodMin;
+    samplerInfo.maxLod = bit::decodeFixed<uint32_t, 4, 8>(key.u.p.maxLod);
-    samplerInfo.maxLod                  = info.mipmapLodMax;
+    samplerInfo.borderColor = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
-    samplerInfo.borderColor             = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
+    samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = key.u.p.pixelCoord;
-    samplerInfo.unnormalizedCoordinates = info.usePixelCoord;
 
-    if (!device->features().core.features.samplerAnisotropy)
+    if (key.u.p.legacyCube && m_pool->m_device->features().extNonSeamlessCubeMap.nonSeamlessCubeMap)
+      samplerInfo.flags |= VK_SAMPLER_CREATE_NON_SEAMLESS_CUBE_MAP_BIT_EXT;
+
+    if (!m_pool->m_device->features().core.features.samplerAnisotropy)
       samplerInfo.anisotropyEnable = VK_FALSE;
 
-    if (samplerInfo.addressModeU == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+    if (key.u.p.hasBorder)
-     || samplerInfo.addressModeV == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+      samplerInfo.borderColor = determineBorderColorType();
-     || samplerInfo.addressModeW == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER)
-      samplerInfo.borderColor = getBorderColor(device, info);
 
-    if (samplerInfo.borderColor == VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_CUSTOM_EXT)
+    if (samplerInfo.borderColor == VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_CUSTOM_EXT
+     || samplerInfo.borderColor == VK_BORDER_COLOR_INT_CUSTOM_EXT)
       borderColorInfo.pNext = std::exchange(samplerInfo.pNext, &borderColorInfo);
 
     if (reductionInfo.reductionMode != VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE)
       reductionInfo.pNext = std::exchange(samplerInfo.pNext, &reductionInfo);
 
-    if (m_vkd->vkCreateSampler(m_vkd->device(),
+    if (vk->vkCreateSampler(vk->device(),
         &samplerInfo, nullptr, &m_sampler) != VK_SUCCESS)
       throw DxvkError("DxvkSampler::DxvkSampler: Failed to create sampler");
   }
 
 
   DxvkSampler::~DxvkSampler() {
-    m_vkd->vkDestroySampler(
+    auto vk = m_pool->m_device->vkd();
-      m_vkd->device(), m_sampler, nullptr);
+
+    vk->vkDestroySampler(vk->device(), m_sampler, nullptr);
   }
 
 
-  VkBorderColor DxvkSampler::getBorderColor(const Rc<DxvkDevice>& device, const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo& info) {
+  void DxvkSampler::release() {
-    static const std::array<std::pair<VkClearColorValue, VkBorderColor>, 3> s_borderColors = {{
+    m_pool->releaseSampler(this);
+  }
+
+
+  VkBorderColor DxvkSampler::determineBorderColorType() const {
+    static const std::array<std::pair<VkClearColorValue, VkBorderColor>, 4> s_borderColors = {{
       { { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f } }, VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK },
       { { { 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f } }, VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_BLACK },
       { { { 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f } }, VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_OPAQUE_WHITE },
     }};
 
-    // Ignore G/B/A components for shadow samplers
+    // Iterate over border colors and try to find an exact match
-    size_t size = !info.compareToDepth
+    uint32_t componentCount = m_key.u.p.compareEnable ? 1u : 4u;
-      ? sizeof(VkClearColorValue)
-      : sizeof(float);
 
     for (const auto& e : s_borderColors) {
-      if (!std::memcmp(&e.first, &info.borderColor, size))
+      bool allEqual = true;
+
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < componentCount; i++)
+        allEqual &= m_key.borderColor.float32[i] == e.first.float32[i];
+
+      if (allEqual)
         return e.second;
     }
 
-    if (!device->features().extCustomBorderColor.customBorderColorWithoutFormat) {
+    // If custom border colors are supported, use that
-      Logger::warn("DXVK: Custom border colors not supported");
+    if (m_pool->m_device->features().extCustomBorderColor.customBorderColorWithoutFormat)
-      return VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
+      return VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_CUSTOM_EXT;
+
+    // Otherwise, use the sum of absolute differences to find the
+    // closest fallback value. Some D3D9 games may rely on this.
+    Logger::warn("DXVK: Custom border colors not supported");
+ 
+    VkBorderColor result = VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_TRANSPARENT_BLACK;
+
+    float minSad = -1.0f;
+
+    for (const auto& e : s_borderColors) {
+      float sad = 0.0f;
+
+      for (uint32_t i = 0; i < componentCount; i++)
+        sad += std::abs(m_key.borderColor.float32[i] - e.first.float32[i]);
+
+      if (sad < minSad || minSad < 0.0f) {
+        minSad = sad;
+        result = e.second;
+      }
     }
 
-    return VK_BORDER_COLOR_FLOAT_CUSTOM_EXT;
+    return result;
+  }
+
+
+
+
+  DxvkSamplerPool::DxvkSamplerPool(DxvkDevice* device)
+  : m_device(device) {
+
+  }
+
+
+  DxvkSamplerPool::~DxvkSamplerPool() {
+    m_samplers.clear();
+  }
+
+
+  Rc<DxvkSampler> DxvkSamplerPool::createSampler(const DxvkSamplerKey& key) {
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
+    auto entry = m_samplers.find(key);
+
+    if (entry != m_samplers.end()) {
+      DxvkSampler* sampler = &entry->second;
+
+      // Remove the sampler from the LRU list if it's in there. Due
+      // to the way releasing samplers is implemented upon reaching
+      // a ref count of 0, it is possible that we reach this before
+      // the releasing thread inserted the list into the LRU list.
+      if (!sampler->m_refCount.fetch_add(1u, std::memory_order_acquire)) {
+        if (sampler->m_lruPrev)
+          sampler->m_lruPrev->m_lruNext = sampler->m_lruNext;
+        else if (m_lruHead == sampler)
+          m_lruHead = sampler->m_lruNext;
+
+        if (sampler->m_lruNext)
+          sampler->m_lruNext->m_lruPrev = sampler->m_lruPrev;
+        else if (m_lruTail == sampler)
+          m_lruTail = sampler->m_lruPrev;
+
+        sampler->m_lruPrev = nullptr;
+        sampler->m_lruNext = nullptr;
+      }
+
+      // We already took a reference, forward the pointer as-is
+      return Rc<DxvkSampler>::unsafeCreate(sampler);
+    }
+
+    // If we're spamming sampler allocations, we might need
+    // to clean up unused ones here to stay within the limit
+    if (m_samplers.size() >= MaxSamplerCount)
+      destroyLeastRecentlyUsedSampler();
+
+    // Create new sampler object
+    return &m_samplers.emplace(std::piecewise_construct,
+      std::forward_as_tuple(key),
+      std::forward_as_tuple(this, key)).first->second;
+  }
+
+
+  void DxvkSamplerPool::releaseSampler(DxvkSampler* sampler) {
+    std::unique_lock lock(m_mutex);
+
+    // Back off if another thread has re-aquired the sampler. This is
+    // safe since the ref count can only be incremented from zero when
+    // the pool is locked.
+    if (sampler->m_refCount.load())
+      return;
+
+    // It is also possible that two threads end up here while the ref
+    // count is zero. Make sure to not add the sampler to the LRU list
+    // more than once in that case.
+    if (sampler->m_lruPrev || m_lruHead == sampler)
+      return;
+
+    // Add sampler to the end of the LRU list
+    sampler->m_lruPrev = m_lruTail;
+    sampler->m_lruNext = nullptr;
+
+    if (m_lruTail)
+      m_lruTail->m_lruNext = sampler;
+    else
+      m_lruHead = sampler;
+
+    m_lruTail = sampler;
+
+    // Try to keep some samplers available for subsequent allocations
+    if (m_samplers.size() > MinSamplerCount)
+      destroyLeastRecentlyUsedSampler();
+  }
+
+
+  void DxvkSamplerPool::destroyLeastRecentlyUsedSampler() {
+    DxvkSampler* sampler = m_lruHead;
+
+    if (sampler) {
+      m_lruHead = sampler->m_lruNext;
+
+      if (m_lruHead)
+        m_lruHead->m_lruPrev = nullptr;
+      else
+        m_lruTail = nullptr;
+
+      m_samplers.erase(sampler->key());
+    }
   }
 
 }

src/dxvk/dxvk_sampler.h

@@ -1,51 +1,132 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <unordered_map>
+
+#include "../util/util_bit.h"
+#include "../util/thread.h"
+
 #include "dxvk_resource.h"
 
 namespace dxvk {
 
   class DxvkDevice;
+  class DxvkSamplerPool;
 
   /**
-   * \brief Sampler properties
+   * \brief Sampler key
+   *
+   * Stores packed sampler properties and in a way that
+   * can be reasonably efficiently used with a hash map.
    */
-  struct DxvkSamplerCreateInfo {
+  struct DxvkSamplerKey {
-    /// Texture filter propertoes
+    union {
-    VkFilter magFilter;
+      struct {
-    VkFilter minFilter;
+        uint32_t minFilter      :  1;
+        uint32_t magFilter      :  1;
+        uint32_t mipMode        :  1;
+        uint32_t anisotropy     :  5;
 
-    /// Mipmapping properties
+        uint32_t addressU       :  3;
-    VkSamplerMipmapMode mipmapMode;
+        uint32_t addressV       :  3;
-    float               mipmapLodBias;
+        uint32_t addressW       :  3;
-    float               mipmapLodMin;
+        uint32_t hasBorder      :  1;
-    float               mipmapLodMax;
 
-    /// Anisotropic filtering
+        uint32_t lodBias        : 14;
-    VkBool32 useAnisotropy;
-    float    maxAnisotropy;
 
-    /// Address modes
+        uint32_t minLod         : 12;
-    VkSamplerAddressMode addressModeU;
+        uint32_t maxLod         : 12;
-    VkSamplerAddressMode addressModeV;
-    VkSamplerAddressMode addressModeW;
 
-    /// Compare op for shadow textures
+        uint32_t compareEnable  :  1;
-    VkBool32    compareToDepth;
+        uint32_t compareOp      :  3;
-    VkCompareOp compareOp;
+        uint32_t reduction      :  2;
+        uint32_t pixelCoord     :  1;
+        uint32_t legacyCube     :  1;
+      } p;
 
-    /// Reduction mode for min/max samplers
+      uint32_t properties[2] = { 0u, 0u };
-    VkSamplerReductionMode reductionMode;
+    } u;
 
-    /// Texture border color
+    VkClearColorValue borderColor = { };
-    VkClearColorValue borderColor;
 
-    /// Enables unnormalized coordinates
+    void setFilter(VkFilter min, VkFilter mag, VkSamplerMipmapMode mip) {
-    VkBool32 usePixelCoord;
+      u.p.minFilter = uint32_t(min);
+      u.p.magFilter = uint32_t(mag);
+      u.p.mipMode = uint32_t(mip);
+    }
+
+    void setAniso(uint32_t anisotropy) {
+      u.p.anisotropy = std::min(anisotropy, 16u);
+    }
+
+    void setDepthCompare(bool enable, VkCompareOp op) {
+      u.p.compareEnable = uint32_t(enable);
+      u.p.compareOp = enable ? uint32_t(op) : 0u;
+    }
+
+    void setReduction(VkSamplerReductionMode reduction) {
+      u.p.reduction = uint32_t(reduction);
+    }
+
+    void setUsePixelCoordinates(bool enable) {
+      u.p.pixelCoord = uint32_t(enable);
+    }
+
+    void setLegacyCubeFilter(bool enable) {
+      u.p.legacyCube = uint32_t(enable);
+    }
+
+    void setAddressModes(VkSamplerAddressMode u_, VkSamplerAddressMode v_, VkSamplerAddressMode w_) {
+      u.p.addressU = u_;
+      u.p.addressV = v_;
+      u.p.addressW = w_;
+      u.p.hasBorder = uint32_t(u_ == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+                            || v_ == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER
+                            || w_ == VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
+    }
+
+    void setLodRange(float min, float max, float bias) {
+      u.p.minLod = bit::encodeFixed<uint32_t, 4, 8>(min);
+      u.p.maxLod = bit::encodeFixed<uint32_t, 4, 8>(max);
+      u.p.lodBias = bit::encodeFixed<int32_t, 6, 8>(bias);
+    }
+
+    void setBorderColor(VkClearColorValue color) {
+      borderColor = color;
+    }
+
+    bool eq(const DxvkSamplerKey& other) const {
+      bool eq = u.properties[0] == other.u.properties[0]
+             && u.properties[1] == other.u.properties[1];
+
+      if (eq && u.p.hasBorder) {
+        eq = borderColor.uint32[0] == other.borderColor.uint32[0]
+          && borderColor.uint32[1] == other.borderColor.uint32[1]
+          && borderColor.uint32[2] == other.borderColor.uint32[2]
+          && borderColor.uint32[3] == other.borderColor.uint32[3];
+      }
+
+      return eq;
+    }
+
+    size_t hash() const {
+      DxvkHashState hash;
+      hash.add(u.properties[0]);
+      hash.add(u.properties[1]);
+
+      if (u.p.hasBorder) {
+        hash.add(borderColor.uint32[0]);
+        hash.add(borderColor.uint32[1]);
+        hash.add(borderColor.uint32[2]);
+        hash.add(borderColor.uint32[3]);
+      }
+
+      return hash;
+    }
 
-    /// Enables non seamless cube map filtering
-    VkBool32 nonSeamless;
   };
 
+  static_assert(sizeof(DxvkSamplerKey) == 24u);
+  
   
   /**
    * \brief Sampler
@@ -54,15 +135,33 @@ namespace dxvk {
    * a pipeline. Sampler objects provide parameters
    * for texture lookups within a shader.
    */
-  class DxvkSampler : public DxvkResource {
+  class DxvkSampler {
-    
+    friend class DxvkSamplerPool;
   public:
     
     DxvkSampler(
-            DxvkDevice*             device,
+            DxvkSamplerPool*        pool,
-      const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo&  info);
+      const DxvkSamplerKey&         key);
+
     ~DxvkSampler();
 
+    /**
+     * \brief Increments reference count
+     */
+    force_inline void incRef() {
+      m_refCount.fetch_add(1u, std::memory_order_acquire);
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * \brief Decrements reference count
+     *
+     * Recycles the sampler once the ref count reaches zero.
+     */
+    force_inline void decRef() {
+      if (m_refCount.fetch_sub(1u, std::memory_order_relaxed) == 1u)
+        release();
+    }
+
     /**
      * \brief Sampler handle
      * \returns Sampler handle
@@ -71,15 +170,77 @@ namespace dxvk {
       return m_sampler;
     }
     
+    /**
+     * \brief Sampler key
+     * \returns Sampler properties
+     */
+    const DxvkSamplerKey& key() const {
+      return m_key;
+    }
+
   private:
     
-    Rc<vk::DeviceFn>      m_vkd;
+    std::atomic<uint32_t> m_refCount  = { 0u };
-    VkSampler             m_sampler = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
 
-    static VkBorderColor getBorderColor(
+    DxvkSamplerPool*      m_pool      = nullptr;
-      const Rc<DxvkDevice>&         device,
+    DxvkSamplerKey        m_key       = { };
-      const DxvkSamplerCreateInfo&  info);
+
+    VkSampler             m_sampler   = VK_NULL_HANDLE;
+
+    DxvkSampler*          m_lruPrev   = nullptr;
+    DxvkSampler*          m_lruNext   = nullptr;
+
+    void release();
+
+    VkBorderColor determineBorderColorType() const;
 
   };
   
+
+  /**
+   * \brief Sampler pool
+   *
+   * Manages unique samplers within a device.
+   */
+  class DxvkSamplerPool {
+    friend DxvkSampler;
+  public:
+
+    // The Vulkan limit for samplers is at least 4000.
+    // Keep some objects available for internal use.
+    constexpr static uint32_t MaxSamplerCount = 3584u;
+
+    // Minimum number of samplers to keep alive.
+    constexpr static uint32_t MinSamplerCount = 1024u;
+
+    DxvkSamplerPool(DxvkDevice* device);
+
+    ~DxvkSamplerPool();
+
+    /**
+     * \brief Creates sampler
+     *
+     * \param [in] key Sampler key
+     * \returns Sampler object
+     */
+    Rc<DxvkSampler> createSampler(const DxvkSamplerKey& key);
+
+  private:
+
+    DxvkDevice* m_device;
+
+    dxvk::mutex m_mutex;
+    std::unordered_map<DxvkSamplerKey,
+      DxvkSampler, DxvkHash, DxvkEq> m_samplers;
+
+    DxvkSampler* m_lruHead = nullptr;
+    DxvkSampler* m_lruTail = nullptr;
+
+    void releaseSampler(DxvkSampler* sampler);
+
+    void destroyLeastRecentlyUsedSampler();
+
+  };
+
+
 }

src/dxvk/dxvk_swapchain_blitter.cpp

@@ -286,30 +286,23 @@ namespace dxvk {
 
 
   void DxvkSwapchainBlitter::createSampler() {
-    DxvkSamplerCreateInfo samplerInfo;
+    DxvkSamplerKey samplerInfo = { };
-    samplerInfo.magFilter       = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    samplerInfo.setFilter(VK_FILTER_LINEAR, VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
-    samplerInfo.minFilter       = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+      VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST);
-    samplerInfo.mipmapMode      = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+    samplerInfo.setAddressModes(
-    samplerInfo.mipmapLodBias   = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER,
-    samplerInfo.mipmapLodMin    = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER,
-    samplerInfo.mipmapLodMax    = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER);
-    samplerInfo.useAnisotropy   = VK_FALSE;
+    samplerInfo.setUsePixelCoordinates(true);
-    samplerInfo.maxAnisotropy   = 1.0f;
+ 
-    samplerInfo.addressModeU    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
-    samplerInfo.addressModeV    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
-    samplerInfo.addressModeW    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_BORDER;
-    samplerInfo.compareToDepth  = VK_FALSE;
-    samplerInfo.compareOp       = VK_COMPARE_OP_ALWAYS;
-    samplerInfo.reductionMode   = VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE;
-    samplerInfo.borderColor     = VkClearColorValue();
-    samplerInfo.usePixelCoord   = VK_TRUE;
-    samplerInfo.nonSeamless     = VK_FALSE;
     m_samplerPresent = m_device->createSampler(samplerInfo);
 
-    samplerInfo.addressModeU    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+    samplerInfo.setAddressModes(
-    samplerInfo.addressModeV    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    samplerInfo.addressModeW    = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    samplerInfo.usePixelCoord   = VK_FALSE;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
+    samplerInfo.setUsePixelCoordinates(false);
+ 
     m_samplerGamma = m_device->createSampler(samplerInfo);
   }
 

src/dxvk/dxvk_unbound.cpp

@@ -54,24 +54,14 @@ namespace dxvk {
 
 
   Rc<DxvkSampler> DxvkUnboundResources::createSampler() {
-    DxvkSamplerCreateInfo info;
+    DxvkSamplerKey info;
-    info.minFilter      = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    info.setFilter(VK_FILTER_LINEAR, VK_FILTER_LINEAR, VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR);
-    info.magFilter      = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    info.setLodRange(-256.0f, 256.0f, 0.0f);
-    info.mipmapMode     = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_LINEAR;
+    info.setAddressModes(
-    info.mipmapLodBias  = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    info.mipmapLodMin   = -256.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    info.mipmapLodMax   =  256.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    info.useAnisotropy  = VK_FALSE;
+    info.setReduction(VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE);
-    info.maxAnisotropy  = 1.0f;
-    info.addressModeU   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.addressModeV   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.addressModeW   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.compareToDepth = VK_FALSE;
-    info.compareOp      = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
-    info.reductionMode  = VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE;
-    info.borderColor    = VkClearColorValue();
-    info.usePixelCoord  = VK_FALSE;
-    info.nonSeamless    = VK_FALSE;
 
     return m_device->createSampler(info);
   }

src/dxvk/hud/dxvk_hud_renderer.cpp

@@ -321,24 +321,14 @@ namespace dxvk::hud {
   
   
   Rc<DxvkSampler> HudRenderer::createFontSampler() {
-    DxvkSamplerCreateInfo info;
+    DxvkSamplerKey info = { };
-    info.magFilter      = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+    info.setFilter(VK_FILTER_LINEAR,
-    info.minFilter      = VK_FILTER_LINEAR;
+      VK_FILTER_LINEAR, VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST);
-    info.mipmapMode     = VK_SAMPLER_MIPMAP_MODE_NEAREST;
+    info.setAddressModes(
-    info.mipmapLodBias  = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    info.mipmapLodMin   = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE,
-    info.mipmapLodMax   = 0.0f;
+      VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE);
-    info.useAnisotropy  = VK_FALSE;
+    info.setUsePixelCoordinates(true);
-    info.maxAnisotropy  = 1.0f;
-    info.addressModeU   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.addressModeV   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.addressModeW   = VK_SAMPLER_ADDRESS_MODE_CLAMP_TO_EDGE;
-    info.compareToDepth = VK_FALSE;
-    info.compareOp      = VK_COMPARE_OP_NEVER;
-    info.reductionMode  = VK_SAMPLER_REDUCTION_MODE_WEIGHTED_AVERAGE;
-    info.borderColor    = VkClearColorValue();
-    info.usePixelCoord  = VK_TRUE;
-    info.nonSeamless    = VK_FALSE;
     
     return m_device->createSampler(info);
   }

src/util/rc/util_rc_ptr.h

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <functional>
 #include <ostream>
 #include <utility>
@@ -107,19 +109,47 @@ namespace dxvk {
       return m_object != nullptr;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * \brief Sets pointer without acquiring a reference
+     *
+     * Must only be use when a reference has been taken via
+     * other means.
+     * \param [in] object Object pointer
+     */
     void unsafeInsert(T* object) {
       this->decRef();
       m_object = object;
     }
 
+    /**
+     * \brief Extracts raw pointer
+     *
+     * Sets the smart pointer to null without decrementing the
+     * reference count. Must only be used when the reference
+     * count is decremented in some other way.
+     * \returns Pointer to owned object
+     */
     T* unsafeExtract() {
       return std::exchange(m_object, nullptr);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * \brief Creates smart pointer without taking reference
+     *
+     * Must only be used when a refernece has been obtained via other means.
+     * \param [in] object Pointer to object to take ownership of
+     */
+    static Rc<T> unsafeCreate(T* object) {
+      return Rc<T>(object, false);
+    }
+
   private:
 
     T* m_object = nullptr;
 
+    explicit Rc(T* object, bool)
+    : m_object(object) { }
+
     force_inline void incRef() const {
       if (m_object != nullptr)
         m_object->incRef();
@@ -145,6 +175,13 @@ namespace dxvk {
   template<typename Tx, typename Ty>
   bool operator != (Tx* a, const Rc<Ty>& b) { return b != a; }
 
+  struct RcHash {
+    template<typename T>
+    size_t operator () (const Rc<T>& rc) const {
+      return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(rc.ptr()) / sizeof(T);
+    }
+  };
+
 }
 
 template<typename T>