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synced 2024-11-29 00:24:14 +01:00
Editorial fixes.
This commit is contained in:
parent
99ea0a9c95
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d53ec2c576
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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== Yubikey KSM Decryption Protocol ==
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Yubikey KSM Decryption Protocol
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-------------------------------
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The protocol for asking the Yubikey Key Storage Module to decrypt an
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OTP is to request a HTTP resource as follows:
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@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
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== YK-KSM Design Goals ==
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YK-KSM Design Goals
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-------------------
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The YK-KSM component was designed for these objectives:
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* Have AES key storage be separate from the validation server
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* Allow distribution of AES keys to multiple servers for load-balancing and high-availability
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* Allow distribution of AES keys to multiple servers for
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load-balancing and high-availability
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* The code must be short and easy to audit
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@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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== Generate KSM Key ==
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Generate KSM Key
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----------------
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Import of key material to an YK-KSM is typically always done via the
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OpenPGP encrypted/signed KeyProvisioningFormat format. This setup
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@ -11,7 +12,6 @@ key id of '8B88A11B'.
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After this step you may want to generate AES keys for your YubiKeys,
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see [[GenerateKeys]], and then import them to your KSM, see
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[[ImportKeysToKSM]].
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user@crater:~$ gpg --gen-key
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gpg (GnuPG) 1.4.9; Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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@ -67,4 +67,4 @@ see [[GenerateKeys]], and then import them to your KSM, see
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uid YK-KSM crater Import Key
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sub 2048g/140A17F1 2009-12-14
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user@crater:~$
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user@crater:~$
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@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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== Generate Keys ==
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Generate Keys
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-------------
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To generate some AES keys for your !YubiKeys served via your YK-KSM,
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you use the 'ykksm-gen-keys' tool. The tool is useful for generating
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@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ into a separate machine with a separate OpenPGP key.
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To display the test keys above, you can decrypt them using GnuPG:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ gpg < keys.txt
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user@ksm:~$ gpg < keys.txt
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You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
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user: "YK-KSM crater Import Key"
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@ -45,7 +46,7 @@ To display the test keys above, you can decrypt them using GnuPG:
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5,cccccccccccg,c55773192393,7387b5f6bede83f64a9cd75b2023826a,d70c937bbbff,2009-12-14T16:40:57,
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gpg: Signature made Mon 14 Dec 2009 04:40:57 PM CET using DSA key ID 8B88A11B
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gpg: Good signature from "YK-KSM crater Import Key"
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user@ksm:~$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$
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The format is documented in the KeyProvisioningFormat wiki page.
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@ -53,7 +54,7 @@ To generate many small files each containing just one key, you can use
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a small wrapper like this:
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<nowiki>#!/bin/sh
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#!/bin/sh
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set -e
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@ -75,4 +76,4 @@ a small wrapper like this:
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while test $cur -le $stop; do
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ykksm-gen-keys $urandom $cur | gpg -a --sign --encrypt -r $key > $cur.asc
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cur=`expr $cur + 1`
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done</nowiki>
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done
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@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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== Import Keys To Yubikey KSM ==
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Import Keys To Yubikey KSM
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--------------------------
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To import keys into the YK-KSM database from text files in the
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encrypted/signed KeyProvisioningFormat format, you can use the tool
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@ -13,8 +14,6 @@ The tool requires that your system has a GnuPG private key, read
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For example, to import the file generated by the [[GenerateKeys]]
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document:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ ykksm-import --verbose --database 'DBI:Pg:dbname=ykksm;host=127.0.0.1' --db-user ykksmimporter --db-passwd otherpassword < ~/keys.txt
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You need a passphrase to unlock the secret key for
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@ -58,7 +57,6 @@ document:
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serialnr 5 publicName cccccccccccg internalName c55773192393 aesKey 7387b5f6bede83f64a9cd75b2023826a lockCode d70c937bbbff created 2009-12-14T16:40:57 accessed eol
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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When importing large data sets it is recommended to avoid the
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--verbose flag to reduce noise.
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@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
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== Installation and configuration of Yubikey KSM ==
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Installation and Configuration of Yubikey KSM
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---------------------------------------------
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The Yubikey KSM module is responsible for storing AES keys and
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providing two interfaces:
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@ -20,11 +21,12 @@ will here explain how to set it up using MySQL or PostgreSQL. Note
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that you only need to install either MySQL or PostgreSQL (or any other
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supported database), not both!
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=== Step 1: YK-KSM Installation ===
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Step 1: YK-KSM Installation
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---------------------------
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First you should download and install the latest YK-KSM release:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install wget make help2man
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user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install wget make help2man
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...
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user@ksm:~$ wget http://yubico.github.com/yubikey-ksm/releases/yubikey-ksm-1.8.tgz
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...
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@ -32,23 +34,24 @@ First you should download and install the latest YK-KSM release:
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user@ksm:~$ cd yubikey-ksm-1.8
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm-1.8$ sudo make install
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...
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm-1.8$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm-1.8$
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Alternatively, you may also check out YK-KSM from its source code repository. For example:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install git make help2man
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user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install git make help2man
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...
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user@ksm:~$ git clone git://github.com/Yubico/yubikey-ksm.git
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...
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user@ksm:~$ cd yubikey-ksm
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm$ sudo make install
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...
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~/yubikey-ksm$
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The rest of this documentation will assume you have installed the
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YK-KSM with 'make install'.
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=== Step 2: Install web server and PHP ===
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Step 2: Install web server and PHP
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----------------------------------
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You will need to install a web server with PHP5 and the PHP mcrypt
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interface:
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@ -57,13 +60,14 @@ interface:
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Any web server with PHP support should work.
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=== Step 3A: MySQL Installation ===
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Step 3A: MySQL Installation
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---------------------------
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Install the required packages:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server php5-mysql libdbd-mysql-perl
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user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server php5-mysql libdbd-mysql-perl
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...
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user@ksm:~$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$
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The installation asks you for a MySQL "root" password, and I recommend
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to specify one.
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@ -72,22 +76,22 @@ To avoid having to specify a password when using the 'mysql' tool
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interactively, you can store the password in ~/.my.cnf, see
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/usr/share/doc/mysql-server-5.0/README.Debian.gz. For example:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ cat > .my.cnf
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user@ksm:~$ cat > .my.cnf
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[client]
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user = root
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password = YOURPASSWORD
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user@ksm:~$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$
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First create the database and the tables as follows:
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ echo 'create database ykksm' | mysql
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user@ksm:~$ echo 'create database ykksm' | mysql
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user@ksm:~$ mysql ykksm < /usr/share/doc/yubikey-ksm/ykksm-db.sql
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user@ksm:~$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$
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You should also create database users for the decrypt and import
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interfaces, normally called 'ykksmreader' and 'ykksmimporter':
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<nowiki>user@ksm:~$ mysql --silent ykksm
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user@ksm:~$ mysql --silent ykksm
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mysql> CREATE USER 'ykksmreader';
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mysql> GRANT SELECT ON ykksm.yubikeys TO 'ykksmreader'@'localhost';
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mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'ykksmreader'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('yourpassword');
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@ -96,31 +100,27 @@ interfaces, normally called 'ykksmreader' and 'ykksmimporter':
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mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'ykksmimporter'@'localhost' = PASSWORD('otherpassword');
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mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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mysql> \q
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user@ksm:~$</nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$
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== Step 3B: PostgreSQL Installation ==
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Step 3B: PostgreSQL Installation
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--------------------------------
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Install some packages:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install postgresql php5-pgsql libdbd-pg-perl
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...
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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The database needs to be initialized as follows:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo su postgres
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postgres@ksm:~$ createdb ykksm
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postgres@ksm:~$ psql ykksm < /usr/share/doc/yubikey-ksm/ykksm-db.sql
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postgres@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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You also need to create a user for the decrypt interface, normally
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called 'ykksmreader':
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<nowiki>
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postgres@ksm:~$ psql ykksm -q
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ykksm=# CREATE USER ykksmreader PASSWORD 'yourpassword';
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ykksm=# GRANT SELECT ON yubikeys TO ykksmreader;
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@ -128,31 +128,28 @@ called 'ykksmreader':
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ykksm=# GRANT INSERT ON yubikeys TO ykksmimporter;
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ykksm=# \q
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postgres@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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During installation and debugging it may be useful to watch the
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database log entries:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo tail -F /var/log/postgresql/postgresql-*-main.log &
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</nowiki>
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== Step 4: Include path configuration ==
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Step 4: Include path configuration
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----------------------------------
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Set the include path by creating a file /etc/php5/conf.d/ykksm.ini
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with the following content:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/php5/conf.d/ykksm.ini'
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include_path = "/etc/yubico/ksm:/usr/share/yubikey-ksm"
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user@ksm:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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The paths are the default, if you installed the YK-KSM in some other
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place you need to modify the paths.
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== Step 5: Logging ==
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Step 5: Logging
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---------------
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The PHP interface uses syslog for logging of incoming requests. The
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facility is set in ykksm-config.php but defaults the LOG_LOCAL0. To
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@ -160,13 +157,11 @@ place these messages in a separate file, you can add the following to
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/etc/syslog.conf, or if you use rsyslog, create a file
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/etc/rsyslog.d/ykksm.conf with this content:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/rsyslog.d/ykksm.conf'
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local0.* -/var/log/ykksm.log
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user@ksm:~$ sudo /etc/init.d/rsyslog restart
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...
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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The '-' before the filename avoids syncing the file after each write,
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which is recommended for performance.
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@ -175,7 +170,6 @@ The log file can grow large quickly, so it is a good idea to setup
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rotation of log files. Here is an example that rotates the log file
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weekly. Create a file /etc/logrotate.d/ykksm like this:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/logrotate.d/ykksm'
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/var/log/ykksm.log {
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weekly
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@ -187,9 +181,9 @@ weekly. Create a file /etc/logrotate.d/ykksm like this:
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endscript
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}
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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=== Step 5.1: Fix default log (optional) ===
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Step 5.1: Fix default log (optional)
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------------------------------------
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Unfortunately, most default syslog configuration, including the
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syslog.conf configuration file on Debian, will also log all entries to
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@ -200,49 +194,44 @@ rules. To avoid YK-KSM log entries in these other files, you must
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modify the default rules. For example, edit the following lines of
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/etc/rsyslog.conf (or /etc/syslog.conf if you don't use rsyslog):
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<nowiki>
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*.*;auth,authpriv.none -/var/log/syslog
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*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
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auth,authpriv.none;\
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cron,daemon.none;\
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mail,news.none -/var/log/messages
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</nowiki>
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Change them into:
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<nowiki>
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*.*;auth,authpriv.none,local0.none -/var/log/syslog
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*.=info;*.=notice;*.=warn;\
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auth,authpriv.none;\
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cron,daemon.none;\
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local0.none;\
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mail,news.none -/var/log/messages
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</nowiki>
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== Step 6: Decrypt OTP Interface ==
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Step 6: Decrypt OTP Interface
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-----------------------------
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The interface to decrypt OTPs is implemented using a PHP script. You
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can place the script under any URL, but we recommend serving it as
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http://ykksm.example.org/wsapi/decrypt. The simplest way is to use
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the 'symlink' rule in our makefile:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo make -f /usr/share/doc/yubikey-ksm/ykksm.mk symlink
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install -d /var/www/wsapi
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ln -sf /usr/share/yubikey-ksm/.htaccess /var/www/wsapi/.htaccess
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ln -sf /usr/share/yubikey-ksm/ykksm-decrypt.php /var/www/wsapi/decrypt.php
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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You may also run the commands manually.
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== Step 7: YK-KSM Configuration ==
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Step 7: YK-KSM Configuration
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----------------------------
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You need to edit the ykksm-config.php script. An example file is
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included in YK-KSM as 'ykksm-config.php'. It is normally installed as
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/etc/yubico/ksm/ykksm-config.php:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo cat /etc/yubico/ksm/ykksm-config.php
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<?php
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$db_dsn = "mysql:dbname=ykksm;host=127.0.0.1";
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@ -252,7 +241,6 @@ included in YK-KSM as 'ykksm-config.php'. It is normally installed as
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$logfacility = LOG_LOCAL0;
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?>
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user@ksm:~$
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</nowiki>
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Be careful about the user permissions and ownership so that unrelated
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users on the system cannot read the database password.
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@ -266,17 +254,16 @@ An example DSN for a PostgreSQL setup:
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$db_dsn = "pgsql:dbname=ykksm;host=127.0.0.1";
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=== The End ===
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The End
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-------
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You now have a YK-KSM up and running. You can test the service by
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requesting a URL. Using wget, for example:
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<nowiki>
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user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install wget
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user@ksm:~$ wget -q -O - 'http://localhost/wsapi/decrypt?otp=dteffujehknhfjbrjnlnldnhcujvddbikngjrtgh'
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ERR Unknown yubikey
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user@ksm:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
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You will need to import keys into the database for the decrypt
|
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function to do anything useful. See [[ServerHardening]] on how to
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|
@ -89,7 +89,8 @@ be encrypted to a particular OpenPGP key id):
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-----END PGP MESSAGE-----
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....
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=== Naming Scheme ===
|
||||
Naming Scheme
|
||||
-------------
|
||||
|
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The files should use the standard GnuPG output extension '.asc'.
|
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|
||||
|
@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
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==Maintainer instructions for making releases==
|
||||
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===Introduction===
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Maintainer instructions for making releases
|
||||
-------------------------------------------
|
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|
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The point of this document is to describe all steps required to make a
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proper release of the yubikey-personalization project.
|
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|
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===Dependencies===
|
||||
Dependencies
|
||||
------------
|
||||
|
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Making a release requires the following packages:
|
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|
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@ -15,7 +15,8 @@ which can be installed (under Ubuntu) by running:
|
||||
|
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sudo apt-get install make git gnupg help2man git2cl
|
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|
||||
===Details===
|
||||
Details
|
||||
-------
|
||||
|
||||
* Make sure the version number in Makefile has been incremented.
|
||||
|
||||
|
@ -1,54 +1,52 @@
|
||||
== Server Hardening ==
|
||||
Server Hardening
|
||||
----------------
|
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|
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While the defaults should be secure, there are some simple
|
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administrative actions that will increase your overall security. None
|
||||
of these steps are required, but we encourage you to read this
|
||||
document to see if the enhancements are relevant for your environment.
|
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|
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=== Tighten PHP configuration ===
|
||||
Tighten PHP configuration
|
||||
-------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Tighten the security of the PHP installation by creating a file
|
||||
/etc/php5/conf.d/harden.ini with the following content:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@host:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/php5/conf.d/harden.ini'
|
||||
display_errors = Off
|
||||
log_errors = On
|
||||
user@host:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
=== Tighten Apache configuration ===
|
||||
Tighten Apache configuration
|
||||
----------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
Tighten the security of the Apache installation by making sure
|
||||
directory listings are disabled globally. Edit
|
||||
/etc/apache2/conf.d/security and make sure the following is
|
||||
uncommented:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
<Directory />
|
||||
AllowOverride None
|
||||
Order Deny,Allow
|
||||
Deny from all
|
||||
</Directory>
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
=== Time synchronization ===
|
||||
Time Synchronization
|
||||
--------------------
|
||||
|
||||
For logging and (on the validation server) time-stamping it is
|
||||
important to have synchronized clocks. Install ntp.
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@host:~$ sudo apt-get install ntp
|
||||
...
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
=== Firewall ===
|
||||
Firewall
|
||||
--------
|
||||
|
||||
There is no reason why the KSM needs to listen to incoming requests
|
||||
from the entire Internet, and restricting access to the intended
|
||||
YK-VAL servers are recommended.
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables'
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
# IPv4 firewall:
|
||||
@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ YK-VAL servers are recommended.
|
||||
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -i eth0 -s 2000:2:3::4 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
|
||||
user@ksm:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
Replace 1.2.3.4 (for IPv4) and 2000:1:2::3 (for IPv6) with the address
|
||||
of the host you want to be able to login from via SSH, and replace
|
||||
@ -85,7 +82,6 @@ validation server and SSH host.
|
||||
For a validation server, you may want to allow HTTP(S) requests from
|
||||
anyone, but not anything else.
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@val:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables'
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
# IPv4 firewall
|
||||
@ -111,7 +107,6 @@ anyone, but not anything else.
|
||||
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
|
||||
user@ksm:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
Again, replace 1.2.3.4 (for IPv4) and 2000:1:2::3 (for IPv6) with the
|
||||
address of the host you want to be able to login from via SSH.
|
||||
@ -119,7 +114,6 @@ address of the host you want to be able to login from via SSH.
|
||||
If you want to allow SSH and HTTP(S) from everywhere, but nothing
|
||||
else, try this:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@val:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables'
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
# IPv4 firewall
|
||||
@ -145,9 +139,9 @@ else, try this:
|
||||
ip6tables -A INPUT -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 443 -j ACCEPT
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ chmod +x /etc/network/if-pre-up.d/iptables
|
||||
user@val:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
=== Database encryption ===
|
||||
Database Encryption
|
||||
-------------------
|
||||
|
||||
The database contains sensitive information. If someone is able to
|
||||
access your machine physically, they may shut it off and steal it with
|
||||
@ -180,7 +174,6 @@ attempt to mount your encrypted partition automatically.
|
||||
|
||||
Setup:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install loop-aes-utils loop-aes-modules-2.6-amd64
|
||||
...
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo rmmod loop && sudo modprobe loop
|
||||
@ -212,11 +205,9 @@ Setup:
|
||||
umount /ksm
|
||||
losetup -d /dev/loop0
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/ykksm-{start,stop}
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
Slightly adapted for MySQL:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install loop-aes-utils loop-aes-modules-2.6-686
|
||||
...
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo rmmod loop && sudo modprobe loop
|
||||
@ -247,7 +238,6 @@ Slightly adapted for MySQL:
|
||||
umount /ksm
|
||||
losetup -d /dev/loop0
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo chmod +x /usr/local/sbin/ykksm-{start,stop}
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
|
||||
Then in the future, to start the YK-KSM, you will need to login to the
|
||||
machine and issue the command 'sudo ykksm-start' and enter the disk
|
||||
@ -255,7 +245,8 @@ encryption password.
|
||||
|
||||
Again, make sure that you don't use any unencrypted swap.
|
||||
|
||||
=== Intrusion detection ===
|
||||
Intrusion Detection
|
||||
-------------------
|
||||
|
||||
To make some attacks discussed in the previous section harder, make
|
||||
sure that your system has a hardware intrusion detection system and
|
||||
|
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
|
||||
== YK-KSM Synchronization Monitor ==
|
||||
YK-KSM Synchronization Monitor
|
||||
------------------------------
|
||||
|
||||
If you deploy multiple redundant YK-KSM instances, it is important to
|
||||
monitor them to make sure the data they have is synchronized. While
|
||||
@ -13,18 +14,14 @@ and AES key.
|
||||
Sample output looks like this, first there is a Unix time (for
|
||||
freshness) and then is the truncated hash value.
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
1284488221
|
||||
50f5649b80
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
1284488221
|
||||
50f5649b80
|
||||
|
||||
The script requires the Perl SHA-1 package. Install it like this:
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install libdigest-sha1-perl
|
||||
...
|
||||
user@ksm:~$
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo apt-get install libdigest-sha1-perl
|
||||
...
|
||||
user@ksm:~$
|
||||
|
||||
The typical way to use this is either manually or to run it in a cron
|
||||
job and output the hash to a file that can be downloaded by a remote
|
||||
@ -33,14 +30,12 @@ that downloads this file from all of your KSMs, and the Nagios check
|
||||
verify that all values are 1) fresh (Unix time is not too old) and 2)
|
||||
that the truncated hash value is identical on all KSMs.
|
||||
|
||||
<nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/cron.hourly/run-ykksm-checksum'
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
FILE=/var/www/checksum.txt
|
||||
(date --utc +%s; ykksm-checksum --db-user ykksmreader --db-passwd `grep password /etc/yubico/ksm/ykksm-config.php|cut -d\ -f3|cut -d\" -f2`) > $FILE.tmp
|
||||
mv $FILE.tmp $FILE
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo chmod +x /etc/cron.hourly/run-ykksm-checksum
|
||||
</nowiki>
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo sh -c 'cat > /etc/cron.hourly/run-ykksm-checksum'
|
||||
#!/bin/sh
|
||||
FILE=/var/www/checksum.txt
|
||||
(date --utc +%s; ykksm-checksum --db-user ykksmreader --db-passwd `grep passwo rd /etc/yubico/ksm/ykksm-config.php|cut -d\ -f3|cut -d\" -f2`) > $FILE.tmp
|
||||
mv $FILE.tmp $FILE
|
||||
user@ksm:~$ sudo chmod +x /etc/cron.hourly/run-ykksm-checksum
|
||||
|
||||
If you notice mismatches, you may want to run ykksm-checksum with the
|
||||
'-v' parameter on the different hosts and then use 'diff -ur' or
|
||||
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue
Block a user