description: Use our powerful mobile-first flexbox grid to build layouts of all shapes and sizes thanks to a twelve column system, five default responsive tiers, Sass variables and mixins, and dozens of predefined classes.
Bootstrap's grid system uses a series of containers, rows, and columns to layout and align content. It's built with [flexbox](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_Flexible_Box_Layout/Basic_Concepts_of_Flexbox) and is fully responsive. Below is an example and an in-depth look at how the grid comes together.
**New to or unfamiliar with flexbox?** [Read this CSS Tricks flexbox guide](https://css-tricks.com/snippets/css/a-guide-to-flexbox/#flexbox-background) for background, terminology, guidelines, and code snippets.
The above example creates three equal-width columns on small, medium, large, and extra large devices using our predefined grid classes. Those columns are centered in the page with the parent `.container`.
- Containers provide a means to center and horizontally pad your site's contents. Use `.container` for a responsive pixel width or `.container-fluid` for `width: 100%` across all viewport and device sizes.
- Rows are wrappers for columns. Each column has horizontal `padding` (called a gutter) for controlling the space between them. This `padding` is then counteracted on the rows with negative margins. This way, all the content in your columns is visually aligned down the left side.
- In a grid layout, content must be placed within columns and only columns may be immediate children of rows.
- Thanks to flexbox, grid columns without a specified `width` will automatically layout as equal width columns. For example, four instances of `.col-sm` will each automatically be 25% wide from the small breakpoint and up. See the [auto-layout columns](#auto-layout-columns) section for more examples.
- Column classes indicate the number of columns you'd like to use out of the possible 12 per row. So, if you want three equal-width columns across, you can use `.col-4`.
- Column `width`s are set in percentages, so they're always fluid and sized relative to their parent element.
- Columns have horizontal `padding` to create the gutters between individual columns, however, you can remove the `margin` from rows and `padding` from columns with `.no-gutters` on the `.row`.
- To make the grid responsive, there are five grid breakpoints, one for each [responsive breakpoint]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/layout/overview/#responsive-breakpoints): all breakpoints (extra small), small, medium, large, and extra large.
- Grid breakpoints are based on minimum width media queries, meaning **they apply to that one breakpoint and all those above it** (e.g., `.col-sm-4` applies to small, medium, large, and extra large devices, but not the first `xs` breakpoint).
- You can use predefined grid classes (like `.col-4`) or [Sass mixins](#sass-mixins) for more semantic markup.
Be aware of the limitations and [bugs around flexbox](https://github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs), like the [inability to use some HTML elements as flex containers](https://github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs#flexbug-9).
While Bootstrap uses `em`s or `rem`s for defining most sizes, `px`s are used for grid breakpoints and container widths. This is because the viewport width is in pixels and does not change with the [font size](https://drafts.csswg.org/mediaqueries-3/#units).
For example, here are two grid layouts that apply to every device and viewport, from `xs` to `xl`. Add any number of unit-less classes for each breakpoint you need and every column will be the same width.
Create equal-width columns that span multiple lines by inserting a `.w-100` where you want the columns to break to a new line. Make the breaks responsive by mixing the `.w-100` with some [responsive display utilities]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/utilities/display/).
There was a [Safari flexbox bug](https://github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs#flexbug-11) that prevented this from working without an explicit `flex-basis` or `border`. There are workarounds for older browser versions, but they shouldn't be necessary if you're up-to-date.
Auto-layout for flexbox grid columns also means you can set the width of one column and have the sibling columns automatically resize around it. You may use predefined grid classes (as shown below), grid mixins, or inline widths. Note that the other columns will resize no matter the width of the center column.
Bootstrap's grid includes five tiers of predefined classes for building complex responsive layouts. Customize the size of your columns on extra small, small, medium, large, or extra large devices however you see fit.
For grids that are the same from the smallest of devices to the largest, use the `.col` and `.col-*` classes. Specify a numbered class when you need a particularly sized column; otherwise, feel free to stick to `.col`.
Using a single set of `.col-sm-*` classes, you can create a basic grid system that starts out stacked and becomes horizontal at the small breakpoint (`sm`).
Don't want your columns to simply stack in some grid tiers? Use a combination of different classes for each tier as needed. See the example below for a better idea of how it all works.
Gutters can be responsively adjusted by breakpoint-specific padding and negative margin utility classes. To change the gutters in a given row, pair a negative margin utility on the `.row` and matching padding utilities on the `.col`s. The `.container` or `.container-fluid` parent may need to be adjusted too to avoid unwanted overflow, using again matching padding utility.
Here's an example of customizing the Bootstrap grid at the large (`lg`) breakpoint and above. We've increased the `.col` padding with `.px-lg-5`, counteracted that with `.mx-lg-n5` on the parent `.row` and then adjusted the `.container` wrapper with `.px-lg-5`.
Use flexbox alignment utilities to vertically and horizontally align columns. **Internet Explorer 10-11 do not support vertical alignment of flex items when the flex container has a `min-height` as shown below.** [See Flexbugs #3 for more details.](https://github.com/philipwalton/flexbugs#flexbug-3)
The gutters between columns in our predefined grid classes can be removed with `.no-gutters`. This removes the negative `margin`s from `.row` and the horizontal `padding` from all immediate children columns.
Here's the source code for creating these styles. Note that column overrides are scoped to only the first children columns and are targeted via [attribute selector](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Attribute_selectors). While this generates a more specific selector, column padding can still be further customized with [spacing utilities]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/utilities/spacing/).
In practice, here's how it looks. Note you can continue to use this with all other predefined grid classes (including column widths, responsive tiers, reorders, and more).
Breaking columns to a new line in flexbox requires a small hack: add an element with `width: 100%` wherever you want to wrap your columns to a new line. Normally this is accomplished with multiple `.row`s, but not every implementation method can account for this.
You may also apply this break at specific breakpoints with our [responsive display utilities]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/utilities/display/).
Use `.order-` classes for controlling the **visual order** of your content. These classes are responsive, so you can set the `order` by breakpoint (e.g., `.order-1.order-md-2`). Includes support for `1` through `12` across all five grid tiers.
There are also responsive `.order-first` and `.order-last` classes that change the `order` of an element by applying `order: -1` and `order: 13` (`order: $columns + 1`), respectively. These classes can also be intermixed with the numbered `.order-*` classes as needed.
You can offset grid columns in two ways: our responsive `.offset-` grid classes and our [margin utilities]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/utilities/spacing/). Grid classes are sized to match columns while margins are more useful for quick layouts where the width of the offset is variable.
#### Offset classes
Move columns to the right using `.offset-md-*` classes. These classes increase the left margin of a column by `*` columns. For example, `.offset-md-4` moves `.col-md-4` over four columns.
In addition to column clearing at responsive breakpoints, you may need to reset offsets. See this in action in [the grid example]({{ site.baseurl }}/docs/{{ site.docs_version }}/examples/grid/).
To nest your content with the default grid, add a new `.row` and set of `.col-sm-*` columns within an existing `.col-sm-*` column. Nested rows should include a set of columns that add up to 12 or fewer (it is not required that you use all 12 available columns).
When using Bootstrap's source Sass files, you have the option of using Sass variables and mixins to create custom, semantic, and responsive page layouts. Our predefined grid classes use these same variables and mixins to provide a whole suite of ready-to-use classes for fast responsive layouts.
Variables and maps determine the number of columns, the gutter width, and the media query point at which to begin floating columns. We use these to generate the predefined grid classes documented above, as well as for the custom mixins listed below.
You can modify the variables to your own custom values, or just use the mixins with their default values. Here's an example of using the default settings to create a two-column layout with a gap between.
Using our built-in grid Sass variables and maps, it's possible to completely customize the predefined grid classes. Change the number of tiers, the media query dimensions, and the container widths—then recompile.
The number of grid columns can be modified via Sass variables. `$grid-columns` is used to generate the widths (in percent) of each individual column while `$grid-gutter-width` sets the width for the column gutters.
Moving beyond the columns themselves, you may also customize the number of grid tiers. If you wanted just four grid tiers, you'd update the `$grid-breakpoints` and `$container-max-widths` to something like this:
When making any changes to the Sass variables or maps, you'll need to save your changes and recompile. Doing so will output a brand new set of predefined grid classes for column widths, offsets, and ordering. Responsive visibility utilities will also be updated to use the custom breakpoints. Make sure to set grid values in `px` (not `rem`, `em`, or `%`).
